{"id":2,"date":"2025-02-04T20:06:30","date_gmt":"2025-02-04T20:06:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers-new\/?page_id=2"},"modified":"2025-09-04T19:47:26","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T19:47:26","slug":"sample-page","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/","title":{"rendered":"Oil Tankers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-854e469c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"oil-tankers-hero\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group hero-content has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right has-fade-in-right has-primary-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77ecdf1e385547ed7524e58ea03b77bb\">Oil Tankers In Canadian Waters<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-fade-in-right has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-b8b9724fbb8987ee41f897636bdd832f\" style=\"letter-spacing:1px\"><strong>#tankers101<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"cover\">\n\t<div class=\"ship1\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"ship2\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"lines\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"grad\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"oil-tankers-intro\" class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f2dbd52b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-section-heading has-fade-in-right has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-049fe76967d7e62cb8cb7a6692b3fa2e\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">About this microsite<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">The expansion of oil handling facilities and an additional pipeline in Western Canada has increased the number of oil tankers and also the proportion of oil transiting through the Pacific region compared to other Canadian waters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">This development, along with the continued use of tankers to transport fossil fuels around the world, has raised questions about the opportunities and risks for coastal and Indigenous communities, the environment, and the economy from oil transported by ship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">This site was created by Clear Seas, a Canadian not-for-profit organization that provides independent fact-based information to enable governments, industry, and the public to make informed decisions on marine shipping issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">The site\u2019s purpose is to share fact-based information about oil tankers in Canadian waters and to encourage informed conversations about marine shipping issues.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"oil-tankers-101\" class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f2dbd52b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-section-heading has-fade-in-right has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3a0da7ab1c64c4de3e4722a5801c1aab\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">Oil Tankers 101<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Since the late 19th century, oil tankers have been used to transport large amounts of oil across oceans and through waterways. In 2023, oil tankers accounted for about 29% of global seaborne trade by deadweight tonnes (DWT), with approximately 1.95 billion metric tonnes of crude oil transported by sea.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">1<\/a>,<a href=\"#citations\">2<\/a><\/sup> This is a reduction from 1980, when tankers made up 50% of the world\u2019s shipping fleet by DWT capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-cfe0bcd02e045aff8cdd4ef8d2664b78\">Tanker Sizes and Capacities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file has-fade-in-up\"><a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/tanker-sizes-and-capacities.png\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-84658249 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized has-fade-in-right\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/tanker_panamax.svg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-459b3288e561dccd911f093d1d2fcf0b\">Panamax<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">230m |&nbsp;Max DWT 80,000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">Up to 500,000 barrels of crude oil<sup><a href=\"#citations\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-84658249 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized has-fade-in-right\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/tanker_aframax.svg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:244px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-ac92bbbe6590937545cebfb1739ba452\">Aframax<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">245m |&nbsp;Max DWT 120,000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">Up to 750,000 barrels of crude oil<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-84658249 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized has-fade-in-right\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/tanker_suezmax.svg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:274px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-ab43efaa476f0eb4353e7ef09e677ba8\">Suezmax<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">285m |&nbsp;Max DWT 200,000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">Up to 1 million barrels of crude oil<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-84658249 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized has-fade-in-right\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/tanker_vlcc.svg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:303px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-8f631532ac7d63c01458b378f579aeda\">Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">330m |&nbsp;Max DWT 320,000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">Up to 2.2 million barrels of crude oil<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-84658249 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized has-fade-in-right\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/tanker_ulcc.svg\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:336px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-9d128bb3f8423c283c59361e6e73f94d\">Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">415m |&nbsp;Max DWT 550,000<sup><a href=\"#citations\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-tiny-font-size\">Up to 3.7 million barrels of crude oil<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">An oil tanker&#8217;s capacity is measured based on its size in deadweight tonnes (DWT), which is the total weight a ship can safely carry (including the cargo, fuel, crew, provisions, etc.) not including the weight of the ship itself. Tanker capacities can range from a few thousand DWT to 550,000 DWT.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">5<\/a><\/sup> Aframax and Suezmax tankers regularly call in Canadian waters. VLCC are rare and ULCC are unknown.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull background-stretch waves-bg-1 has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a8efe8ba0a9d662ca6f452a608e98f9e has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained has-background\" style=\"min-height:800px;padding-top:190px;padding-bottom:200px;background-image:url(&apos;https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/waves1.svg&apos;);background-size:cover;\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-bf013b36b0b99670f3dd4f547b7700ef\">How to Spot a Tanker<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3d3c9595270a1bc9a2ce236cef56f248\"><strong>Tankers are easily identifiable<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file alignwide has-fade-in-up\"><a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/tankers-are-easily-indentifiable.png\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-b56184e6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/ship_oiltanker.svg\" alt=\"Oil Tanker\" style=\"width:auto;height:40px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-05e0cd4f43a565e7e39218d8deb908b9\"><strong>Oil Tanker<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff99;color:#ffffff99\" \/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-default has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f7a172c02ac612f9545b5e21b146b221\">\n<li>Transports refined or crude oil<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Piping visible on deck<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No large cranes visible<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/ship_containership.svg\" alt=\"Container Ship\" style=\"width:auto;height:40px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-011722367530bd2bb85eebeedefe44c4\"><strong>Container Ship<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff99;color:#ffffff99\" \/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-default has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ba10b4d77123e3f44e182e0716aa78f4\">\n<li>Transports thousands of standard-sized multi-coloured shipping containers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Containers stacked visibly above deck<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/ship_roro.svg\" alt=\"Roll-on\/Roll-off (RORO) Ship\" style=\"width:auto;height:40px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-fe415cfe031b59fa3c3fc90e2b2d894c\"><strong>Roll-on\/Roll-off (RORO) Ship<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff99;color:#ffffff99\" \/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-default has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84f00f03219f48be23e13f058423967c\">\n<li>Transports wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks and railway cars<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sits high above the water<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Multiple enclosed vehicle decks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/ship_bulkcarrier.svg\" alt=\"Bulk Carrier\n\" style=\"width:auto;height:40px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-437f0d284864cc2efd87142524d5c4d8\"><strong>Bulk Carrier<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff99;color:#ffffff99\" \/>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-default has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b09d4d72b7da631ddba63b3f362a1dc7\">\n<li>Transports unpackaged cargo, such as coal, grain, fertilizers and minerals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Large hatches visible on deck<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Large cranes may be visible<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"tankers-in-canadian-waters\" class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f2dbd52b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-section-heading has-fade-in-right has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72b578d8e95cb2f8e67cd3a1e42de202\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">Tankers in Canadian Waters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">While tankers play an important role in transporting crude oil along Canadian waterways, they carry a small fraction of Canada\u2019s total crude oil exports. In 2023, 92% of crude oil exports from Canada were transported by pipeline. About 5% were exported by marine vessel and 3% were exported by rail.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Canada exports a much larger volume of crude oil than it imports. In 2024, Canada exported over 1.55 billion barrels, of which 130 million barrels (8%) were transported by tanker, and imported just over 175 million barrels of oil, of which 105 million barrels (60%) were transported by tanker.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file has-fade-in-up\"><a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/06\/2024-import-export-bar-chart-scaled.png\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-fade-in-up\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/08\/2024-import-export-bar-chart_EN-1-1280x720.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5023c91b9b6a4cda834c77bfe8f08555\">Canadian Ports and Facilities that Handle Most Oil Tankers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Most of the oil tanker activity in Canada takes place at six facilities<sup><a href=\"#citations\">8<\/a><\/sup>: Vancouver, Montreal, Quebec City, Saint John, Whiffen Head, and Newfoundland Offshore.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file has-fade-in-up\"><a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/06\/microsite_tankers_facilities_2025-1.png\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download>Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-fade-in-up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image-1280x800.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image-1280x800.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image-640x400.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image-768x480.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image-1536x960.png 1536w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6915e945222a85e0a34a333edc90e1af\">Oil Transported as Cargo in Canadian Waters by Region<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Pacific Canada<\/summary>\n<p>Most crude oil transported by tanker on the West Coast moves through the Port of Vancouver. The vast majority of this oil arrives from Alberta via the Trans Mountain pipelines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The largest vessels used to ship oil out of the Port of Vancouver are Aframax tankers (80,000 \u2013 120,000 DWT), which can carry approximately 550,000 barrels of oil. Due to Port of Vancouver depth restrictions, these tankers are generally loaded to about 80 percent of their full capacity to allow sufficient clearance through constrained waterways.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Until 2024, tankers represented about 2% of total ship traffic per year visiting the Port of Vancouver (out of 250 total vessels per month, about 5 were tankers). In May 2024, the Trans Mountain Expansion Project (TMX) became operational, significantly increasing the amount of oil transported via pipeline from Alberta to the Westridge Marine Terminal in the Port of Vancouver. The expanded terminal can hold 395,000 barrels and has a maximum capacity of 34 tankers per month at three berths. <sup><a href=\"#citations\">11<\/a>,<a href=\"#citations\">12<\/a><\/sup> As of July 2024, the terminal was averaging around 20 tankers per month.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Previously, most crude oil leaving Vancouver was transported to United States refineries. However, the increased capacity in 2024 allowed Canada to expand to Asian markets, with around 50% of oil exports from Vancouver going to China in 2024.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2019, the federal government enacted a ban on oil tankers off the North Coast of British Columbia, including the ecologically sensitive Great Bear Rainforest, as part of Bill C-48, the Oil Tanker Moratorium Act.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Atlantic Canada<\/summary>\n<p>Port Saint John in New Brunswick is a significant hub for processing, refining, and shipping crude oil. The Irving Oil refinery in Saint John is the largest refinery in Canada with a capacity of 320,000 barrels per day.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">16<\/a><\/sup> Irving Oil imports crude oil via tankers from many different countries, including Saudia Arabia, Nigeria, and Norway.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">17<\/a><\/sup> Over half of the refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel, heating oil, jet fuel, propane, and asphalt) produced at the Irving Oil refinery are then exported via marine vessel to the Northeast United States.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are no pipelines from western Canada to the Atlantic provinces so most of the oil processed in Atlantic refineries comes from abroad (or to a lesser extent from Offshore Newfoundland). However, there has been renewed interest in extending pipelines to the Atlantic region to increase Canada\u2019s capacity to refine its own oil. <sup><a href=\"#citations\">19<\/a>,<a href=\"#citations\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Newfoundland and Labrador, domestic crude oil from offshore projects is transported by tankers to international markets, including the United States and Europe, and less frequently to domestic refineries.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">21<\/a><\/sup> Production occurs from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cer-rec.gc.ca\/en\/data-analysis\/energy-markets\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles\/images\/nb-ns-nl-map-oil-lg.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">five offshore fields<\/a>: Hibernia, Terra Nova, White Rose, North Amethyst, and Hebron.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">22<\/a><\/sup> From there, crude oil is transported via shuttle tanker to Newfoundland Transshipment Limited\u2019s terminal in Whiffen Head, NL, located in Placentia Bay, where it is loaded onto ships for export.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Great Lakes\u2013St. Lawrence Seaway<\/summary>\n<p>Tankers account for about 7 percent of all shipments on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">24<\/a><\/sup> Heavy crude oil is not currently transported by ship in this region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quebec has the second largest refining capacity in Canada after Alberta, but only 5% of crude oil entering the province comes from abroad via tanker.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">25<\/a><\/sup> Most crude oil is transported from Western Canada via the Enbridge 9 pipeline to Montreal. Since 2015, Valero has operated two Panamax tankers to shuttle light crude oil from its storage terminal in Montreal to its refinery in L\u00e9vis, near Quebec City.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">26<\/a><\/sup> The finished products travel back to Montreal via Valero\u2019s pipeline where they are distributed to various other terminals throughout Eastern Canada by rail, ships, trucks, and third-party pipelines.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Arctic<\/summary>\n<p>Crude oil is not currently transported as shipping cargo in the Arctic. Refined oil cargo is carried to supply Canada\u2019s Arctic communities with vital fuel for heating, generators and transport. A domestic ban in the Arctic on the use and carriage of <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/insights\/marine-fuels-what-is-heavy-fuel-oil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">heavy fuel oil (HFO)<\/a>, a common engine fuel for commercial ships, came into effect on July 1, 2024; however, all double-hulled ships will be exempt from the HFO ban until July 1, 2029, and ships involved in Arctic community resupply can apply for a waiver until July 1, 2026.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">28<\/a><\/sup> This ban is intended to reduce the risk of oil spills in Arctic waters and reduce <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/insights\/black-carbon-in-the-arctic-what-you-need-to-know\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">black carbon emissions<\/a> from ships.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-section-heading has-fade-in-right has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79f2eed0e88c7014ea9b120197e152a4\">Incidents, Accidents and Spills<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull background-stretch waves-bg-2 has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1c54d7eb33d3c68b3f82e97f12aa7824 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained has-background\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:180px;padding-bottom:180px;background-image:url(&apos;https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/waves2.svg&apos;);background-size:cover;\">\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">While tankers carry unrefined crude oil and refined petroleum products that we benefit from using every day, they also carry risks \u2013 including the potential for spills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">According to a 2024 <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/research\/2024-public-opinion-poll-canadians-attitudes-towards-marine-shipping\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Angus Reid Institute Opinion Poll<\/a> commissioned by Clear Seas, 60% of Canadians are concerned about the potential for oil spills from tankers in Canadian waters, while ship fuel oil spills are an impact of concern for 50% of Canadians.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Major marine oil spills are most likely to occur when vessels are involved in accidents. The most common types of accidents and incidents that lead to major ship-source oil spills include groundings, collisions, allisions (when a ship strikes a stationary object), and hull and equipment failures.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">The risks associated with marine oil spills are not limited to oil tankers \u2013 all vessels that use oil-based fuels pose risk of an oil spill. When oil-based products are discharged from any type of commercial vessel it is known as a ship-source oil spill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">The consequences of large-scale oil spills can be devastating on wildlife, ecosystems, coastal and Indigenous communities, and local economies such as fisheries and tourism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">While there is justifiable concern for the potential of an oil spill, the volume and frequency of ship-source oil spills has decreased by 95% since the 1970s, due to a range of marine safety improvements.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ddfa6e58ea53f7e3684d521b65ead561\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Incidence of Spills Worldwide 1970 &#8211; 2024<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Tanker safety has improved with new regulations, more robust ship design codes, enhanced emergency preparedness and response systems, and better regulations and procedures.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large has-fade-in-up\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/08\/Graphic-ITOPF-Oil-Spills-Trade-2024_clearseas_EN.png\" alt=\"\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Credit: ITOPF<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-687a1e877a3b9ad465d824915cfe7d74\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Canadian Oil Spills<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">A report issued by Clear Seas, <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/en\/research_project\/characterization-of-risk-of-marine-shipping-in-canadian-waters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Commercial Marine Shipping Accidents: Understanding the Risks in Canada<\/a>, identified that large oil spills, especially those from oil tankers, have been rare in Canadian waters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f2dbd52b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8f7f919e4657cd41d687025dd0bf414c\">History of large* (&gt;10,000 L) Ship-source Oil Spills in Canada<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table has-fade-in-up\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:1px\"><table class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><thead><tr><th>Spill Size in Litres**<\/th><th>Year<\/th><th>Ship, Ship Type, Location, Incident Type<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>10,000,000<\/td><td>1970<\/td><td>SS Arrow, Tanker, Nova Scotia, Grounding<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>464,000<\/td><td>1974<\/td><td>Golden Robin, Tanker, Quebec, Bunkering Spill<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9,280,000<\/td><td>1979<\/td><td>Kurdistan, Tanker, Nova Scotia, Allision<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>874,430<\/td><td>1988<\/td><td>Nestucca, Fuel Barge, Washington U.S. &amp; British Columbia, Collision<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>290,000<\/td><td>1989<\/td><td>Nancy Orr Gaucher, Tanker, Ontario, Bunkering Spill<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>232,000<\/td><td>1990<\/td><td>Rio Orinoco, Tanker, Quebec, Grounding<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>23,000<\/td><td>1998<\/td><td>MV Saraband, Tanker, Quebec, Leak<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>170,000<\/td><td>2004<\/td><td>Terra Nova, Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO), Newfoundland, Mechanical Failure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>230,000<\/td><td>2006<\/td><td>Queen of the North, RORO Ferry, British Columbia, Grounding<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>110,000<\/td><td>2016<\/td><td>Nathan E. Stewart, Tug Boat, British Columbia, Grounding<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>20,000<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>HMCS Calgary, Naval Vessel, British Columbia, Refueling Spill<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>250,000<\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>SeaRose, Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO), Newfoundland, Mechanical Failure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>61,000<\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>MV Schiedyk, Cargo Vessel, British Columbia, Leak from Historical Shipwreck<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color has-tiny-font-size wp-elements-8726d05d82d3ecc3050005b4e2ab6dd1\">*For comparison, the size of the Exxon Valdez oil spill was ~40,882,450 litres<br>**Spill sizes have been estimated to the best of responders&#8217; abilities<br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9ce33fe6 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up has-white-color has-custom-aqua-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-35c79b8e7d1c4dbfd76474ccc3382a6d is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:40px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">\n<p class=\"has-huge-font-size\">29%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">of global maritime trade is carried by oil tankers <sup><a href=\"#citations\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up has-white-color has-custom-aqua-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-818030f93d87d92dd5fd8159ce65f311 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:40px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">\n<p class=\"has-huge-font-size\">76%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">of the world&#8217;s oil and gas is transported by sea <sup><a href=\"#citations\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up has-white-color has-custom-aqua-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-a7f2b335114beecf626302b719a84711 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:40px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">\n<p class=\"has-huge-font-size\">9%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">of oil spills in Canadian waters from 2019 -2024 were greater than 100 L in volume <sup><a href=\"#citations\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"spill-prevention\" class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f2dbd52b wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-section-heading has-fade-in-right has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f3e810f237750852cf58b04a009330a8\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">Spill Prevention and Response<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Canada has the longest coastline in the world and Canadians are rightly concerned about protecting it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179130895030e36c1123666e73a959d8\">Spill Prevention<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Preventing shipping accidents, incidents and oil spills is a shared responsibility among international, national, provincial and local bodies, and ship owners and operators. Working together, the following measures are aimed at preventing accidents and spills in Canadian waters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-fade-in-up is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/graphic-marine-pilots.svg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-47b206daf69693bc39e78f509c1f4a50\">Marine Pilots<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>These licensed Canadian navigational experts conduct tankers and other ships in harbours and busy waterways.<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.marinepilots.ca\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-fade-in-up is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/graphic-double-hulls.svg\" alt=\"Double Hulls\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-33e1ba3c1350e3600e818cf65546ac00\">Mandatory Double Hulls<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>All tankers must have two watertight layers on the bottom and sides of ships. The double layer construction helps in reducing the risks of marine pollution if the ship\u2019s hull is damaged.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/blog\/double-hulls\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-fade-in-up is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/graphic-navigational.svg\" alt=\"Navigational Aids\n\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-73d3a698a1b73892d3ca0a21899bffd6\">Navigational Aids<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>Navigating Canadian waters is made safer using visual, auditory and electronic aids that warn of obstructions and hazards along shipping routes.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca\/publications\/maritime-security-surete-maritime\/aids-aides-navigation\/page01-eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-fade-in-up is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/graphic-inspectors.svg\" alt=\"Marine Inspections\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-ef7feb731e686446a85e005c1f0e6da6\">Marine Inspections<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>Transport Canada regularly deploys marine inspectors to ensure tankers transiting Canadian waters are in safe operating condition and that every tanker operating in Canada has a double hull. The Government of Canada conducts inspections after assessing the risk of all vessels calling in Canadian waters, in cooperation with inspectors in other nations where the ships travel.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tc.gc.ca\/eng\/marinesafety\/oep-inspection-menu-770.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-fade-in-up is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/graphic-tugboat.svg\" alt=\"Tugboat\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-2e28e129c9333c5e66a8d8f8afa2b15e\">Tug Escorts<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>In designated areas, tugs escort loaded tankers and are ready to aid both incoming and outgoing vessels &#8211; tugs can slow, stop or steer a tanker if it loses power or its steering system.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tc.gc.ca\/media\/documents\/mosprr\/transport_canada_tanker_report_accessible_eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54b1289ab092cb205cc678d3479ff8e2\">Spill Response<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-01b462d638205ce63271db9b0fd0d557\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0px\">While minimizing risks through prevention measures is critical \u2013 what happens if a spill does occur?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">The response to an oil spill influences the spill\u2019s impact \u2013 and can avoid or reduce negative environmental, social, economic and health impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Canada\u2019s response to a spill involves a combination of industry-led initiatives and government regulation and oversight.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">36<\/a><\/sup> Industry \u2013 whose activities create the risk \u2013 bears financial responsibility to prepare for and respond to spills. In Canada, industry is required to contract with one of four industry-funded and government-certified regional <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tc.gc.ca\/eng\/marinesafety\/oep-ers-regime-ros-771.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">response organizations<\/a>, which are prepared to respond to spills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Simply stated \u2013 if a tanker is headed to a Canadian port, the shipowner must have an agreement with a response organization before entering Canadian waters. In the event of a spill, the polluter is, by law, required to pay for the cost of clean-up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Unlike in southern Canadian waters, there are no certified response organizations for Arctic spills. Preparedness in the Arctic requires ship and oil handling facility owners to identify \u2013 in their respective spill response plans \u2013 the resources they would employ to respond to a spill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-cf1043376bf8e4f7c28a8f12e745ef75\">Canada\u2019s Marine Oil Spill Response Organizations<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file has-fade-in-up\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-8eb767a6-270c-4fec-a412-ef1404ab20e8\" href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/oil-spill-response-organizations-01.png\">Canada\u2019s Marine Oil Spill Response Organizations<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/oil-spill-response-organizations-01.png\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-8eb767a6-270c-4fec-a412-ef1404ab20e8\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full has-fade-in-up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1209\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image-1.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image-1-640x605.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/09\/image-1-768x725.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">The Canadian government delivers the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/publications-library\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">legislation and regulation<\/a>&nbsp;for the spill response regime and oversees industry&#8217;s preparedness and actions during a spill.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tc.gc.ca\/eng\/marinesafety\/oep-ers-regime-menu-1780.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Transport Canada<\/a>&nbsp;provides the government&#8217;s legislative and regulatory mandate while the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca\/environmental-environnementale\/program-information-programme-eng.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Canadian Coast Guard<\/a>&nbsp;is tasked with overseeing the response to the spill as the &#8220;on-scene commander.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f4c7bd861d010fc7ce084fdb3790dd5b\">Liability and Compensation \u2013 \u201cThe Polluter Pays\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-741eb13b6430cb25328a57d234bb50aa\" style=\"letter-spacing:0px\">Who pays for spill clean-up?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">When a spill from a tanker occurs in Canada, there are different sources of compensation from international and domestic funds.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">37<\/a><\/sup> Domestic funds set up under Canadian law are combined with international schemes, such as the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds, so that in the event of a major tanker spill, the combined sources could provide more than $1.55 billion in compensation.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-fade-in-up is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/graphic-liability-spills.svg\" alt=\"Shipowners' Liability for Spills\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-3dff2c5dfd968db84a8bc2088fda64f1\">Shipowners&#8217; Liability for Spills<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>International conventions make shipowners liable for oil spills from tankers. Liability depends on the size of the ship, and must be backed by the shipowners&#8217; mandatory insurance.&nbsp;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tc.gc.ca\/eng\/marinesafety\/liability-compensation-ship-source-oil-spills-4512.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-fade-in-up is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/graphic-ship-source-fund.svg\" alt=\"The Ship-Source Oil Pollution Fund\n\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-df981a65d7bca5ab6511da911e6459c0\">The Ship Fund<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>This Canadian fund was created from levies collected from oil cargo companies in the 1970s. It addresses spills of any type of oil from any type of ship \u2013 not just tankers. Changes made to the Ship Fund in December 2018 removed the per-incident limit of liability; there is effectively no limit to compensation available from the Ship Fund.\u00a0<br><a href=\"https:\/\/ship-rail.gc.ca\/ship\/about-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-fade-in-up is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/28\/2025\/02\/graphic-international-fund.svg\" alt=\"International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds\n\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-6beaedc6462e1969d1f12d93730a7c77\">International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-silver-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-silver-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--tiny);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>Canada is a member of the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds which administers two international funds created from levies collected from oil cargo companies.&nbsp;<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.iopcfunds.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Learn more about <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/who-pays-for-an-oil-spill\/#:~:text=Anyone%20incurring%20costs%20for%20cleaning,funding%20paid%20for%20by%20industry.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Who Pays for An Oil Spill<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-fade-in-up has-custom-dark-teal-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-506a439a947cb970938dae8a91c79275\">Oceans Protection Plan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">In November 2016, the Government of Canada launched the $1.5 billion <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/initiatives\/oceans-protection-plan\/canada-s-oceans-protection-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oceans Protection Plan<\/a> (OPP) aimed at strengthening the protection of Canada\u2019s coasts and waterways through improved marine safety measures.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">39<\/a><\/sup> Since 2016, there have been over <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/initiatives\/oceans-protection-plan\/oceans-protection-plan-initiatives-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">300 OPP initiatives<\/a> in collaboration with Indigenous and coastal communities, stakeholders, and researchers.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">40<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up\">Among relevant measures, the plan has supported:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-fade-in-up\">\n<li>Investments in oil spill response.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/O-8.3\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">moratorium on crude oil tankers on British Columbia\u2019s north coast<\/a> since 2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhanced resources and authority for the Canadian Coast Guard to respond to ship-source pollution incidents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/transport-canada\/news\/2017\/05\/pilotage_act_review.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">independent review<\/a> and updates to the Pilotage Act to strengthen the pilotage system, through which marine pilots take control of a vessel and navigate it safely through certain coastal areas across Canada.<sup><a href=\"#citations\">41<\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9ce33fe6 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up has-white-color has-custom-aqua-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-d3abee9c7e20a54740a14fb4dd811e06 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:40px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">\n<p class=\"has-extra-large-font-size\">100%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">of tankers must have double hulls<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=[custom_site_url]?card=85\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=[custom_site_url]?card=85&amp;text=85%25%20of%20all%20tanker%20movements%20in%20Canada%20currently%20take%20place%20on%20the%20Atlantic%20coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=[custom_site_url]?card=85&amp;title=85%25%20of%20all%20tanker%20movements%20in%20Canada%20currently%20take%20place%20on%20the%20Atlantic%20coast&amp;summary=Learn%20more%20at%20Clear%20Seas%20Tankers&amp;source=Clear%20Seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up has-white-color has-custom-aqua-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-4994458d03beb07c81b00580a2d111b2 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:40px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">\n<p class=\"has-extra-large-font-size\">243,000km<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">the length of Canada&#8217;s coastline; the longest in the world<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=[custom_site_url]?card=85\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=[custom_site_url]?card=85&amp;text=85%25%20of%20all%20tanker%20movements%20in%20Canada%20currently%20take%20place%20on%20the%20Atlantic%20coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=[custom_site_url]?card=85&amp;title=85%25%20of%20all%20tanker%20movements%20in%20Canada%20currently%20take%20place%20on%20the%20Atlantic%20coast&amp;summary=Learn%20more%20at%20Clear%20Seas%20Tankers&amp;source=Clear%20Seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up has-white-color has-custom-aqua-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-efbb1f26be4365174c033100d2323292 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-radius:40px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">\n<p class=\"has-extra-large-font-size\">$Unlimited<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">compensation is available if a tanker oil spill occurs in Canada<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=[custom_site_url]?card=85\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=[custom_site_url]?card=85&amp;text=85%25%20of%20all%20tanker%20movements%20in%20Canada%20currently%20take%20place%20on%20the%20Atlantic%20coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=[custom_site_url]?card=85&amp;title=85%25%20of%20all%20tanker%20movements%20in%20Canada%20currently%20take%20place%20on%20the%20Atlantic%20coast&amp;summary=Learn%20more%20at%20Clear%20Seas%20Tankers&amp;source=Clear%20Seas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-gainsboro-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-d94f441c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"about\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--extra-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--extra-large)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide is-style-section-heading has-fade-in-right has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0a36856ce5af15003eed5b86800f92d8\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\">About Clear Seas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-fade-in-up has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Clear Seas is a Canadian not-for-profit organization that provides independent fact-based information to enable governments, industry, and the public to make informed decisions on marine shipping issues. We work to build awareness and trust so that all people can feel a part of the marine sector. Our vision is a sustainable marine shipping sector that is safe, vibrant, and inclusive, both now and for future generations.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>As an independent research centre, Clear Seas operates at arm\u2019s length from our funders. Our research agenda is defined internally in response to current issues, reviewed by our research advisory committee, and approved by our board of directors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-fade-in-up is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Our board of directors is composed of mariners, scientists, community leaders, engineers and industry executives with decades of experience investigating human, environmental and economic issues related to our oceans, coastlines and waterways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our reports and findings are available to the public at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">clearseas.org<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons alignwide is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-fade-in-up\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-accent-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-accent-border-color wp-element-button\" href=\"#citations\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff00\">Sources &amp; Citations<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"citations\" class=\"basic-popup\">\n    <div class=\"popup-overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"popup-content\">\n        <div class=\"popup-content-inner\">\n            <div class=\"popup-content-header\">\n                <span class=\"popup-close\"><i class=\"far fa-times\"><\/i><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popup-content-body\">\n                <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-06c9a096dd33a0cca5e20a0370cfab5a\">Sources &amp; Citations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Statista. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/267605\/capacity-of-oil-tankers-in-the-world-maritime-trade-since-1980\/?%5b1%5d%20https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/264013\/transport-volume-of-crude-oil-in-seaborne-trade\/?%5b1%5d%20https:\/\/www.bts.gov\/sites\/bts.dot.gov\/files\/docs\/browse-statistical-products-and-data\/port-performance\/224801\/appendix-c-tankers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Capacity of oil tankers in the world maritime trade since 1980<\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Statista. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/267605\/capacity-of-oil-tankers-in-the-world-maritime-trade-since-1980\/?%5b1%5d%20https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/264013\/transport-volume-of-crude-oil-in-seaborne-trade\/?%5b1%5d%20https:\/\/www.bts.gov\/sites\/bts.dot.gov\/files\/docs\/browse-statistical-products-and-data\/port-performance\/224801\/appendix-c-tankers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Transport volume of crude oil in seaborne trade<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bts.gov\/sites\/bts.dot.gov\/files\/docs\/browse-statistical-products-and-data\/port-performance\/224801\/appendix-c-tankers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Appendix C \u2013 Tankers<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Port Economics, Management and Policy. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/porteconomicsmanagement.org\/pemp\/contents\/part5\/ports-and-energy\/tanker-size\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tanker size<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Port Economics, Management and Policy. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/porteconomicsmanagement.org\/pemp\/contents\/part5\/ports-and-energy\/tanker-size\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tanker size<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canada Energy Regulator. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cer-rec.gc.ca\/en\/data-analysis\/energy-markets\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-canada.html?=undefined&amp;wbdisable=true#s2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles: Canada<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These numbers were calculated by Clear Seas using data from the Statistics Canada\u202f<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/71-607-x\/71-607-x2021004-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Canadian International Merchandise Trade Web Application<\/a>. \u202f&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chamber of Shipping of British Columbia. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ourcommons.ca\/Content\/Committee\/421\/TRAN\/Brief\/BR9255551\/br-external\/ChamberOfShipping-e.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Submission to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure and Communities<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vancouver estimate from TMX data; Quebec estimate from OCIANA AIS data; Saint John estimate from OCIANA AIS data; Newfoundland estimate from trade data.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parliament of Canada. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parl.ca\/legisinfo\/en\/bill\/42-1\/C-48\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bill C-48: Oil Tanker Moratorium Act<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trans Mountain. (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transmountain.com\/news\/3-things-you-need-to-know-about-tankers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3 Things You Need to Know About Tankers<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canada Energy Regulator. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cer-rec.gc.ca\/en\/data-analysis\/energy-markets\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-british-columbia.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles: British Columbia<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trans Mountain. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transmountain.com\/marine-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marine plans<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vancouver Sun. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/vancouversun.com\/news\/local-news\/record-number-of-oil-tankers-enter-vancouver-harbour-in-march\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Record number of oil tankers enter Vancouver Harbour in March<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Business in Vancouver. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biv.com\/news\/resources-agriculture\/china-accounted-for-50-of-oil-exports-via-vancouver-in-2024-china-institute-10190694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">China accounted for 50% of oil exports via Vancouver in 2024.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canada Energy Regulator. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cer-rec.gc.ca\/en\/data-analysis\/energy-markets\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-new-brunswick.html?=undefined&amp;wbdisable=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles: New Brunswick<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Statistics Canada. (2021<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/71-607-x\/2021004\/imp-eng.htm#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">). Imports and Exports, by Country and Product (Canadian International Merchandise Trade)<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Irving Oil. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irvingoil.com\/en-CA\/discover-irving\/operations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Operations<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CBC News. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/politics\/canada-oil-pipelines-trump-tariffs-1.7438889\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Canada oil pipelines and Trump tariffs.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global News. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/11007282\/wilkinson-canada-east-west-pipeline-possibility\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Canada open to possibility of East-West pipeline, says minister.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canada Energy Regulator. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cer-rec.gc.ca\/en\/data-analysis\/energy-markets\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-new-brunswick.html?=undefined&amp;wbdisable=true#:~:text=Most%20of%20the%20crude%20oil,%2C%20Nigeria%2C%20and%20Saudi%20Arabia.&amp;text=Canadian%20sources%20include%20crude%20oil,Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%2C%20by%20tanker.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles: New Brunswick<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canada Energy Regulator. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cer-rec.gc.ca\/en\/data-analysis\/energy-markets\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-newfoundland-labrador.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles: Newfoundland and Labrador.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canada Energy Regulator. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cer-rec.gc.ca\/en\/data-analysis\/energy-markets\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles\/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-newfoundland-labrador.html#s2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles: Newfoundland and Labrador, section 2<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport Canada. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/marine-transportation\/marine-safety\/get-facts-oil-tanker-safety-canada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oil tanker safety in Canada<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canada Energy Regulator. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cer-rec.gc.ca\/en\/data-analysis\/energy-markets\/market-snapshots\/2019\/market-snapshot-quebecs-gasoline-market-is-one-largest-in-canada.html?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Market Snapshot: Quebec\u2019s gasoline market is one of the largest in Canada<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Financial Post. (2014). <a href=\"https:\/\/financialpost.com\/commodities\/energy\/valero-strikes-deal-to-ship-line-9-crude-from-montreal-to-quebec-city-by-tanker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Valero strikes deal to ship Line 9 crude from Montreal to Quebec City by tanker<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Valero. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.valero.com\/about\/locations\/jean-gaulin-refinery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jean Gaulin Refinery<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport Canada. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/transport-canada\/news\/2024\/06\/minister-of-transport-announces-a-domestic-ban-on-the-use-and-carriage-of-heavy-fuel-oil-in-the-arctic.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Minister of Transport announces a domestic ban on the use and carriage of heavy fuel oil in the Arctic<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear Seas. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024_OpinionPoll_Clear_Seas_final_EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Public Opinion Poll<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear Seas. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/research\/maritime-commercial-incidents-and-accidents\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Maritime commercial incidents and accidents<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport Canada. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/marine-transportation\/marine-safety\/marine-liability-compensation-oil-spills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marine liability and compensation for oil spills<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport Canada. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/marine-transportation\/marine-safety\/marine-liability-compensation-oil-spills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marine liability and compensation for oil spills.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U.S. Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/international\/analysis\/special-topics\/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Oil Transit Chokepoints<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U.S. Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/international\/analysis\/special-topics\/World_Oil_Transit_Chokepoints\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Oil Transit Chokepoints<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Government of Canada. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/environmental-indicators\/marine-oil-spills.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marine oil spills: Environmental indicators. Environment and Climate Change Canada<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport Canada. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/marine-transportation\/marine-safety\/national-oil-spill-preparedness-response-regime-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Regime<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear Seas. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/who-pays-for-an-oil-spill\/#:~:text=Anyone%20incurring%20costs%20for%20cleaning,funding%20paid%20for%20by%20industry.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Who pays for an oil spill?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport Canada. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/marine-transportation\/marine-safety\/marine-liability-compensation-oil-spills#who\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marine liability and compensation for oil spills \u2013 Who pays.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport Canada. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/initiatives\/oceans-protection-plan\/canada-s-oceans-protection-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Canada\u2019s Oceans Protection Plan<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport Canada. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/initiatives\/oceans-protection-plan\/report-canadians-investing-our-coasts-through-oceans-protection-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Investing in our coasts through the Oceans Protection Plan<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transport Canada. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/tc.canada.ca\/en\/initiatives\/oceans-protection-plan\/report-canadians-investing-our-coasts-through-oceans-protection-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Investing in our coasts through the Oceans Protection Plan<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/267605\/capacity-of-oil-tankers-in-the-world-maritime-trade-since-1980\/?\n\n\n[1] https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/264013\/transport-volume-of-crude-oil-in-seaborne-trade\/?\n\n\n[1] https:\/\/www.bts.gov\/sites\/bts.dot.gov\/files\/docs\/browse-statistical-products-and-data\/port-performance\/224801\/appendix-c-tankers.pdf\"><br><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n    \/\/ Check if the array exists; if not, initialize it\n    var validPopupIds = validPopupIds || [];\n    validPopupIds.push(\"citations\");\n<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oil Tankers In Canadian Waters #tankers101 About this microsite The expansion of oil handling facilities and an additional pipeline in Western Canada has increased the number of oil tankers and also the proportion of oil transiting through the Pacific region compared to other Canadian waters. This development, along with the continued use of tankers to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":372,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions\/372"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/oil-tankers\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}