{"id":5,"date":"2025-08-07T17:36:00","date_gmt":"2025-08-07T17:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/?page_id=5"},"modified":"2025-10-14T17:07:25","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T17:07:25","slug":"home","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/","title":{"rendered":"Home"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull cover-bottom\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);min-height:850px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><video class=\"wp-block-cover__video-background intrinsic-ignore\" autoplay muted loop playsinline src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/hydrogen-shipping-header.webm\" data-object-fit=\"cover\"><\/video><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim wp-block-cover__gradient-background has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(14,124,172,0.28) 74%,rgb(254,254,254) 99%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-fade-in-left is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide has-text-align-left\"><strong><strong>HYDROG\u00c8NE ET TRANSPORT MARITIME<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-448705aace27d803cf31aee48e0d3369\" style=\"letter-spacing:0.5px\"><strong><strong>#clearfacts #netzero #hydrogenfuels<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-white-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-72190d31 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"what-is-hydrogen\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up h2-2-left-bottom h2-1-right-bottom has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div style=\"height:150px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><br><strong>Qu\u2019est-ce que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-accent-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-accent-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-emphasis-font-size\"><br>L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (H\u2082) est l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment le plus abondant de l\u2019univers. On le trouve dans l\u2019eau (H\u2082O), les plantes, les animaux et les hydrocarbures qui constituent les \u00e9l\u00e9ments de base de carburants tels que l\u2019essence, le diesel et le gaz naturel. En tant que substance capable de stocker de l\u2019\u00e9nergie en vue d\u2019une utilisation ult\u00e9rieure, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment tr\u00e8s polyvalent qui peut \u00eatre produit \u00e0 partir d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 renouvelable. Il constitue donc un choix int\u00e9ressant pour remplacer les combustibles fossiles et parvenir \u00e0 des syst\u00e8mes \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques durables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><br>Ce site fournit des renseignements issus de sources universitaires, industrielles et gouvernementales sur l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et son potentiel en tant que cargaison et carburant durable pour le secteur du transport maritime. L\u2019objectif du site est de susciter des conversations \u00e9clair\u00e9es sur les avantages, les risques et les d\u00e9fis de la transition vers ce carburant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong><strong>Une source d\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9mergente<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><br>Comme la demande mondiale d\u2019\u00e9nergie inclut une part croissante de sources d\u2019\u00e9nergie durables, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne appara\u00eet comme une solution potentielle pour le stockage et le transport de l\u2019\u00e9nergie. Dans ce contexte, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et les carburants d\u00e9riv\u00e9s, comme l\u2019ammoniac, le m\u00e9thanol et le m\u00e9thane, devront \u00eatre produits et transport\u00e9s pour satisfaire la demande en \u00e9nergie, comme c\u2019est le cas pour le p\u00e9trole aujourd\u2019hui.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Quelle est la taille du march\u00e9 mondial du transport d\u2019\u00e9nergie?<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chaque ann\u00e9e, les p\u00e9troliers transportent plus de 2 milliards de tonnes de p\u00e9trole brut dans le monde pour r\u00e9pondre aux besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques de la plan\u00e8te.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Cette cargaison est \u00e9valu\u00e9e \u00e0 plus de 120\u00a0milliards de dollars et contient plus de 80\u2009000 p\u00e9tajoules<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> d\u2019\u00e9nergie, soit plus de 2,5 fois la capacit\u00e9 mondiale actuelle de production d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 issue des \u00e9nergies renouvelables<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">En 2025, l\u2019industrie maritime, par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire de l\u2019Organisation maritime internationale (OMI), s\u2019est engag\u00e9e \u00e0 mettre en place un cadre juridiquement contraignant pour parvenir \u00e0 des \u00e9missions nettes nulles de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) avant ou vers 2050<a href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\" id=\"sdfootnote1anc\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a>. Les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne apparaissent comme des candidats potentiels pour remplacer les carburants traditionnels des navires.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Quelle est la taille du march\u00e9 mondial des carburants pour navires?<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les navires consomment actuellement environ 340 millions de tonnes de carburant<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><br \/>\npar an, soit 14,2 p\u00e9tajoules d\u2019\u00e9nergie (sur la base de 42 gigajoules par tonne de mazout lourd), principalement sous forme de <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/fr\/insights\/carburants-marins-quest-ce-que-le-mazout-lourd\/\">mazout lourd<\/a> ou de diesel-navire. Ce march\u00e9 repr\u00e9sente plus de 165 milliards de dollars, le prix du mazout lourd s\u2019\u00e9levant \u00e0 500 dollars la tonne.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-5.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-1 delay-2\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull fuels-hydrogen has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"fuels-from-hydrogen\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgb(2,133,156) 0%,rgb(66,193,215) 100%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9177ba1681dbbff851ac67c1a14ded0a has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-large-font-size\"><strong><strong>Les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Plusieurs carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne peuvent remplacer le p\u00e9trole brut pour alimenter les navires et transporter l\u2019\u00e9nergie, chacun pr\u00e9sentant des caract\u00e9ristiques diff\u00e9rentes&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ammonia.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong><strong>Ammoniac<\/strong><\/strong><br>(NH\u2083)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">Gaz \u00e2cre produit naturellement dans l\u2019environnement par la d\u00e9composition de mati\u00e8re organique. On le trouve souvent dans les produits d\u2019entretien m\u00e9nager. L\u2019ammoniac peut \u00eatre transform\u00e9 en liquide en le dissolvant dans l\u2019eau ou en le stockant sous pression.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methanol.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-146\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong><strong><strong>M\u00e9thanol<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><br>(CH\u2083OH)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">Alcool simple semblable \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9thanol qui se trouve dans les boissons alcoolis\u00e9es, mais plus toxique. On trouve du m\u00e9thanol dans des produits courants comme le lave-glace.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methane.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-145\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>M\u00e9thane<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><br>(CH\u2084)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">Gaz incolore et inodore produit naturellement par la d\u00e9composition de mati\u00e8re organique ou pr\u00e9sent dans les formations rocheuses souterraines. On le trouve couramment sous forme de gaz naturel utilis\u00e9 pour la cuisson, le chauffage et dans des processus industriels, ainsi que sous forme liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9e comme carburant marin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong><strong>Pour en savoir plus sur le <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/gnl\/\">GNL et le transport maritime<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-1 delay-2\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull fuel-properties has-white-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-836699a4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"fuel-properties\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up has-black-color has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-f044c6fb08c171ebca01dd076c441e9c has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-628a4de6abfd260461a4dc57eddc0f63\"><strong><strong>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des carburants<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong><br>Pour \u00e9valuer la pertinence technique de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et des carburants connexes pour remplacer le p\u00e9trole brut ou le diesel, les experts \u00e9valuent leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s chimiques, telles que la densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et la temp\u00e9rature de stockage.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:1rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<title>Fuel Comparison Table<\/title>\n\n<div class=\"fuel-table-container\">\n    <table class=\"fuel-table animate-on-scroll\">\n        <thead>\n            <tr>\n                <th>CARBURANT<\/th>\n                <th>FORMULE CHIMIQUE<\/th>\n                <th>DENSIT\u00c9 \u00c9NERG\u00c9TIQUE (PHASE LIQUIDE)<br>(\u00c9QUIVALENCE MAZOUT %)<\/th>\n                <th>\u00c9TAT \u00c0<br>TEMP\u00c9RATURE AMBIANTE<\/th>\n                <th>TEMP\u00c9RATURE<br>LIQUIDE (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/thead>\n        <tbody>\n            <tr>\n                <td><span class=\"fuel-name hydrogen\">Hydrog\u00e8ne<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"formula\">H\u2082<\/span><\/td>\n                <td>\n                    <div class=\"energy-bar-container\">\n                        <div class=\"energy-bar hydrogen\">\n                            <div class=\"energy-fill hydrogen\" data-width=\"14\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/energy-icon.png\" alt=\"Energy\" class=\"energy-icon\" \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <span class=\"energy-percentage\">14%<\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"state-badge\">gaz<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"temperature\">-253\u00b0C<\/span><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><span class=\"fuel-name ammonia\">Ammoniac<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"formula\">NH\u2083<\/span><\/td>\n                <td>\n                    <div class=\"energy-bar-container\">\n                        <div class=\"energy-bar ammonia\">\n                            <div class=\"energy-fill ammonia\" data-width=\"28\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/energy-icon.png\" alt=\"Energy\" class=\"energy-icon\" \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <span class=\"energy-percentage\">28%<\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"state-badge\">gaz<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"temperature\">-33.6\u00b0C<\/span><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><span class=\"fuel-name methane\">M\u00e9thane<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"formula\">CH\u2084<\/span><\/td>\n                <td>\n                    <div class=\"energy-bar-container\">\n                        <div class=\"energy-bar methane\">\n                            <div class=\"energy-fill methane\" data-width=\"36\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/energy-icon.png\" alt=\"Energy\" class=\"energy-icon\" \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <span class=\"energy-percentage\">36%<\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"state-badge\">gaz<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"temperature\">-162\u00b0C<\/span><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><span class=\"fuel-name methanol\">M\u00e9thanol<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"formula\">CH\u2083OH<\/span><\/td>\n                <td>\n                    <div class=\"energy-bar-container\">\n                        <div class=\"energy-bar methanol\">\n                            <div class=\"energy-fill methanol\" data-width=\"39\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/energy-icon.png\" alt=\"Energy\" class=\"energy-icon\" \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <span class=\"energy-percentage\">39%<\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"state-badge\">liquide<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"temperature\">64.7\u00b0C<\/span><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique est une mesure de la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie qu\u2019un espace donn\u00e9 peut contenir. Une substance \u00e0 forte densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique contient beaucoup d\u2019\u00e9nergie dans un petit espace. Une substance \u00e0 faible densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique n\u00e9cessite davantage d\u2019espace pour la m\u00eame quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie. Il est possible d\u2019augmenter la densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique en modifiant la temp\u00e9rature de stockage, par exemple en refroidissant un gaz pour qu\u2019il devienne liquide.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne a la plus faible densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique par volume, ce qui cause des probl\u00e8mes de stockage et de transport. Une fois comprim\u00e9 ou liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne gazeux prend moins de place, mais m\u00eame sous forme liquide, il n\u00e9cessite environ sept fois le volume du diesel marin pour la m\u00eame quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>.\u00a0La conversion de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne en ammoniac, en m\u00e9thanol ou en m\u00e9thane permet d\u2019obtenir des carburants dont la densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique est plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que celle de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne, mais demeure inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle du p\u00e9trole brut ou du diesel. Les navires utilisant ces carburants devront disposer de r\u00e9servoirs plus grands et effectuer des arr\u00eats de ravitaillement plus fr\u00e9quents. Les navires qui transportent ces carburants en tant que cargaison pourront transporter moins d\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e0 la fois.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-2\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Exigences en mati\u00e8re de stockage <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Stockage cryog\u00e9nique<\/b><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et le m\u00e9thane n\u00e9cessitent des temp\u00e9ratures extr\u00eamement basses (respectivement -253\u00a0\u00b0C et -162\u00a0\u00b0C) pour atteindre une forme liquide. Ils sont stock\u00e9s dans des r\u00e9servoirs isol\u00e9s sous vide afin d\u2019\u00eatre maintenus froids<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>. La m\u00eame technologie est utilis\u00e9e dans l\u2019industrie spatiale et pour le transport maritime, ferroviaire et routier du gaz naturel liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9 (GNL). L\u2019ammoniac est sous forme liquide \u00e0 -33 \u00b0C, ce qui n\u00e9cessite beaucoup moins de refroidissement.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-112 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/Cryogenic-Basic-New_2_FR.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2440\" height=\"1549\" \/><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><b>Stockage sous pression<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Contrairement au stockage cryog\u00e9nique, qui requiert des temp\u00e9ratures extr\u00eamement basses, on peut stocker l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne sous forme de gaz \u00e0 haute pression. Dans cette m\u00e9thode, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est comprim\u00e9 \u00e0 environ 700 kilos par cm<sup>2<\/sup> (ou 700 bars) et conserv\u00e9 dans des r\u00e9servoirs solides et l\u00e9gers fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de mat\u00e9riaux tels que les composites \u00e0 base de fibre de carbone. Cette approche est couramment utilis\u00e9e dans les v\u00e9hicules \u00e0 hydrog\u00e8ne et les stations de ravitaillement, o\u00f9 un stockage compact et mobile est essentiel.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-112 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/Pressurized-Storage_2_FR.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2440\" height=\"1549\" \/><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements (2 element) -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-1\" style=\"left: 40px;top: 40%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements (3 elements) -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-2 delay-1\" style=\"right: 10px;top: 12%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-3 delay-2\" style=\"right: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-1 delay-3\" style=\"right: 15px;top: 78%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull hydrogen-fuel-production has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"hydrogen-fuel-production\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up has-grey-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f1a34fa3ed24a4753c79635d981d1a90 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-e8fbe2f63cbbb75423f81cbf590beb70\"><strong><strong>Production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9c0d2325bc8eebceafd2e261988cc383\"><strong><strong>Comment l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est-il produit?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/electrolysis.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-175\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2265f186b3de2d3c86e6321599d100ea\" style=\"color:#79d188\"><strong><strong><strong>\u00c9lectrolyse<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">L\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 s\u00e9pare l\u2019eau (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) en hydrog\u00e8ne (H<sub>2<\/sub>) et en oxyg\u00e8ne (O<sub>2<\/sub>). Lorsque l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e provient de sources renouvelables telles que l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9olienne, solaire ou hydro\u00e9lectrique, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme de l\u2019\u00ab&nbsp;hydrog\u00e8ne vert<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>&nbsp;\u00bb.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#what-is-electrolysis\">Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;\u00e9lectrolyse&nbsp;?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/smr.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-176\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0cf0834f692dd195394dc89ceda6b9e5\" style=\"color:#5d99d2\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Reformage du m\u00e9thane \u00e0 la vapeur (RMV)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Le m\u00e9thane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) est trait\u00e9 \u00e0 la vapeur \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es (700-1000 \u00b0C) pour produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (H<sub>2<\/sub>) et du dioxyde de carbone (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). Lorsqu\u2019on a recours \u00e0 la capture et \u00e0 la s\u00e9questration du carbone (CSC) pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions, on parle d\u2019\u00ab&nbsp;hydrog\u00e8ne bleu<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> \u00bb. Il s\u2019agit de la m\u00e9thode de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne la plus courante actuellement. Si le RMV n\u2019inclut pas la CSC pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions, le r\u00e9sultat est appel\u00e9 \u00ab&nbsp;hydrog\u00e8ne gris&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#steam-methane-reforming\">Qu\u2019est-ce que la capture et la s\u00e9questration du carbone ?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/natural-gas.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-177\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a90a5d70ca76427592efa2801a87d97c\" style=\"color:#42c1d7\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Pyrolyse du gaz naturel<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Le m\u00e9thane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) est port\u00e9 \u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 500&nbsp;\u00b0C) en l\u2019absence d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne, ce qui le d\u00e9compose en hydrog\u00e8ne et en carbone solide.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit par cette m\u00e9thode est appel\u00e9 \u00ab&nbsp;hydrog\u00e8ne turquoise&nbsp;\u00bb (entre le bleu et le vert, car on utilise du gaz naturel, mais on \u00e9vite les \u00e9missions de CO<br><sub>2<\/sub> gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la production de carbone solide).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/coal.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-178\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d51e20bdc0a4222b046388b0af0f64c6\" style=\"color:#927c64\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Gaz\u00e9ification du charbon<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Le charbon est chauff\u00e9 dans un environnement contr\u00f4l\u00e9 avec peu d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne pour produire un m\u00e9lange de gaz, principalement du monoxyde de carbone et de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (qu\u2019on appelle gaz de synth\u00e8se). On fait ensuite r\u00e9agir ce gaz avec de la vapeur pour augmenter le rendement en hydrog\u00e8ne, mais il produit n\u00e9anmoins de grandes quantit\u00e9s de CO<sub>2<\/sub>, qui peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9es gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la capture et \u00e0 la s\u00e9questration du carbone (CSC). Malgr\u00e9 ses \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, la gaz\u00e9ification du charbon reste la deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9thode de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne la plus r\u00e9pandue dans le mond.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit par cette m\u00e9thode est appel\u00e9 \u00ab&nbsp;hydrog\u00e8ne brun&nbsp;\u00bb ou \u00ab&nbsp;hydrog\u00e8ne noir&nbsp;\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-default\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23aaf8f66a723cecbcaf111a0224aaf5\"><strong><strong>D\u00e9river des carburants de remplacement \u00e0 partir de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ammonia.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-jet-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-75738fc79ce74f968d178d57fc0f59c8\"><strong><strong>De l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e0 l\u2019ammoniac<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-a7b4498238518d67add6c66eaaa25ab9\"><strong>N<sub>2<\/sub> + 3H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 <\/strong><br><strong>2NH<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-285000caf9b500cebbb5919a2cf2a7e7\">Synth\u00e9tis\u00e9 par le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/haber-bosch-process\">proc\u00e9d\u00e9 Haber-Bosch<\/a>, qui combine l\u2019azote de l\u2019air et l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne sous haute pression et \u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature pour produire de l\u2019ammoniac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methanol.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-146\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-jet-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-00dd31e2cecebd5b293de92b21ec17f5\"><strong><strong>M\u00e9thanol<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-4c79dc462b92bdf3656cb15b66286451\"><strong>CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;+&nbsp;3H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH&nbsp;+&nbsp;H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-fbc3ceedc655f4eba820c31927460fbb\">Produit en faisant r\u00e9agir de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne avec des oxydes de carbone, soit \u00e0 partir du m\u00e9thane (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.methanex.com\/about-methanol\/how-methanol-is-produced\/\">proc\u00e9d\u00e9 Methanex<\/a>), soit \u00e0 partir d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert combin\u00e9 \u00e0 du CO\u2082 captur\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methane.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-145\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-jet-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-5f0d75704a4a547de7a3125ccf246277\"><strong><strong>M\u00e9thane<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-d9a0f8d15d077c198514a74ad0c0c9ee\"><strong>CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 CH<sub>4<\/sub>&nbsp;+&nbsp;2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-31634895df77b7a23cef77fec8f89d99\">Produit par la r\u00e9action de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert avec du CO<sub>2<\/sub><br>dans le cadre d\u2019un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 appel\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/globalsyngas.org\/syngas-technology\/syngas-conditioning-purification\/methanation\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">m\u00e9thanisation<\/a>, ses caract\u00e9ristiques sont semblables \u00e0 celles du gaz naturel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a89b3969 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"#direct-capture-co2\"><strong>Capture directe du CO<\/strong><sub><strong>2<\/strong><\/sub><strong> dans <\/strong><strong>l\u2019air<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-5.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-1 delay-2\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull hydrogen-fuel has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"hydrogen-based-fuels\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ship-top-vertical.png\" alt=\"Ship illustration\" class=\"bounded-sticky-img\" id=\"boundedShip\">\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#01b0cf\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f9a1b86b62f3bdc8d9ca11ecdc04539f has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-large-font-size\"><strong><strong><strong>Les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne comme carburant et cargaison<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Avant qu\u2019un carburant puisse \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 par un navire, on doit prendre en compte sa s\u00e9curit\u00e9, sa compatibilit\u00e9 avec le moteur, sa densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et sa disponibilit\u00e9. Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de la cargaison maritime doivent \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9es pour garantir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de la manipulation et du transport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Sant\u00e9 et s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne sont transport\u00e9s en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9 par transport routier, ferroviaire et maritime depuis de nombreuses ann\u00e9es. Pour garantir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du transport, on proc\u00e8de \u00e0 une \u00e9valuation des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s du carburant, comme son inflammabilit\u00e9 et sa toxicit\u00e9, ainsi que d\u2019autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments tels que les risques de fuite et les protocoles de manipulation \u00e0 basse temp\u00e9rature, afin de d\u00e9tecter tout danger pour la sant\u00e9 et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<div class=\"image-left-col\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-189 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Group-95-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" \/><\/p>\n<div>L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est beaucoup plus inflammable et pr\u00e9sente un risque d\u2019explosion plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 s\u2019il est m\u00e9lang\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019air que le diesel ou le mazout lourd, qui sont moins volatils.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> En raison de son point d\u2019inflammation bas, une \u00e9tincelle ou de la chaleur peuvent enflammer l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. Les navires doivent \u00eatre \u00e9quip\u00e9s de syst\u00e8mes avanc\u00e9s de d\u00e9tection des fuites et d\u2019une ventilation d\u2019urgence afin de pr\u00e9venir tout risque d\u2019accumulation dangereuse de gaz.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<div class=\"image-left-col\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-190\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Group-95-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" \/><\/p>\n<div>L\u2019ammoniac est toxique et n\u00e9cessite des mesures de manipulation rigoureuses, notamment l\u2019utilisation d\u2019\u00e9quipements de protection individuelle et de syst\u00e8mes de surveillance des gaz.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Comme les r\u00e9servoirs de stockage et les installations de ravitaillement en ammoniac doivent \u00eatre pressuris\u00e9s pour maintenir l\u2019ammoniac \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat liquide, ils doivent \u00eatre soumis \u00e0 des protocoles de conception et d\u2019inspection rigoureux pour \u00e9viter les fuites ou les d\u00e9faillances catastrophiques. L\u2019ammoniac a une zone d\u2019inflammabilit\u00e9 plus \u00e9troite et un point d\u2019allumage spontan\u00e9 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne, ce qui le rend moins \u00e0 risque de s\u2019enflammer accidentellement. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<div class=\"image-left-col\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-188\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Group-95.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" \/>Le m\u00e9thanol est inflammable, mais moins que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. Il est \u00e9galement toxique s\u2019il est ing\u00e9r\u00e9, inhal\u00e9 ou absorb\u00e9 par la peau, ce qui signifie que des \u00e9quipements de protection individuelle, une ventilation ad\u00e9quate et l\u2019utilisation d\u2019outils ne produisant pas d\u2019\u00e9tincelles sont n\u00e9cessaires pour minimiser les risques.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<div class=\"image-left-col\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-188\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Group-95.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" \/>Le m\u00e9thane est hautement inflammable et peut s\u2019enflammer s\u2019il entre en contact avec l\u2019air, bien que sa temp\u00e9rature d\u2019inflammation soit plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e et sa plage d\u2019inflammabilit\u00e9 plus \u00e9troite que celle de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. Il n\u2019est pas toxique en petites quantit\u00e9s, mais de fortes concentrations peuvent d\u00e9placer l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne et poser un risque d\u2019asphyxie dans les espaces confin\u00e9s. Une ventilation ad\u00e9quate et des syst\u00e8mes de d\u00e9tection de gaz sont essentiels pour une manipulation s\u00fbre. Lorsqu\u2019il est surfondu sous forme de GNL, le m\u00e9thane liquide peut causer des dommages cryog\u00e9niques aux humains et aux structures.<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-2\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Transport des carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le commerce mondial des combustibles fossiles et des produits p\u00e9trochimiques a mis en place un syst\u00e8me de transport s\u00e9curitaire et fiable pour le m\u00e9thane (sous forme de GNL), le m\u00e9thanol et l\u2019ammoniac. Sur terre, il se fait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement par camion ou par train. Pour les transports internationaux, on a recours \u00e0 des navires-citernes. Le transport de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est moins courant, mais sa faisabilit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e, notamment lors d\u2019essais de transport d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne liquide par bateau entre l\u2019Australie et le Japon. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Estimation des \u00e9changes mondiaux en volume\u00a0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#citations\"><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-184 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/estimated-annual-fr.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[15]<\/a> <a href=\"#citations\">[16]<\/a> <a href=\"#citations\">[17]<\/a><a href=\"#citations\"> [18]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-3\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Maturit\u00e9 technologique des moteurs aux carburants<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pour fournir de l\u2019\u00e9nergie aux navires, l\u2019\u00e9nergie chimique du carburant doit \u00eatre convertie en \u00e9nergie m\u00e9canique pour actionner l\u2019h\u00e9lice du navire. Traditionnellement, cette conversion s\u2019effectue en br\u00fblant le carburant dans un moteur.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\">Les <strong>moteurs \u00e0 hydrog\u00e8ne et les piles \u00e0 combustible<\/strong> sont en phase de d\u00e9veloppement et seront d\u2019abord destin\u00e9s \u00e0 de petits navires.<\/li>\n<li>Les <b>moteurs \u00e0 ammoniac <\/b>sont en phase de d\u00e9veloppement, et des entreprises comme <a href=\"https:\/\/www.man-es.com\/\">MAN Energy Solutions<\/a>, WinGD et <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wartsila.com\/\">W\u00e4rtsil\u00e4 <\/a>travaillent sur des syst\u00e8mes adapt\u00e9s aux grands navires.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\">Les <strong>moteurs au m\u00e9thanol<\/strong> sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 utilis\u00e9s dans les grands porte-conteneurs et les navires de transport de m\u00e9thanol.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\">Les <strong>moteurs au m\u00e9thane<\/strong> sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 utilis\u00e9s dans des navires de diverses tailles et formes, des petits traversiers aux plus grands porte-conteneurs, et utilisent le GNL comme carburant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-4\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-4\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Ravitaillement des navires<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-4\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-4\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bien que les syst\u00e8mes et les technologies de transfert et de transport de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et des carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne entre les navires-citernes et la terre ferme soient d\u00e9j\u00e0 bien instaur\u00e9s, l\u2019approvisionnement en carburant des cargos, des navires de croisi\u00e8re et des traversiers n\u00e9cessitera de nouvelles infrastructures. Certaines infrastructures existantes utilis\u00e9es pour le GNL, comme les camions qui ravitaillent les navires depuis la c\u00f4te, pourraient \u00eatre adapt\u00e9es pour les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n<p>Les navires peuvent \u00eatre ravitaill\u00e9s depuis la c\u00f4te au moyen d\u2019une infrastructure fixe, comme une installation sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e, ou mobile, comme un camion-citerne. Les navires peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre ravitaill\u00e9s sur l\u2019eau par des navires de ravitaillement sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s. Pour les infrastructures de ravitaillement terrestres et maritimes, il importe de tenir compte des facteurs suivants lors du stockage et du transfert des carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Exigences en mati\u00e8re de pression et de temp\u00e9rature pour maintenir le produit \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat liquide pour un volume r\u00e9duit (p. ex., pompes \u00e0 haute pression, syst\u00e8mes cryog\u00e9niques). <\/li>\n<li>Pr\u00e9vention et d\u00e9tection des fuites et des \u00e9tincelles susceptibles de provoquer des incendies ou des explosions. <\/li>\n<li>M\u00e9canismes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 pour emp\u00eacher le contact du combustible avec des personnes afin d\u2019\u00e9viter les engelures, l\u2019asphyxie ou diverses expositions toxiques. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les ports des Pays-Bas, d\u2019Allemagne, du Royaume-Uni, de Singapour et du Japon investissent dans la mise en place d\u2019infrastructures de ravitaillement en hydrog\u00e8ne et en ammoniac.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium delay-1\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-2.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-2\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"life-cycle-emissions\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#cceff5\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-a9146d4992dfce8984a3849d7cd7030e\"><strong><strong><strong>\u00c9missions sur le cycle de vie<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Les \u00e9missions sur le cycle de vie d\u00e9signent l\u2019ensemble des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) r\u00e9sultant de la production, du transport et de l\u2019utilisation d\u2019un carburant&nbsp;quelconque \u2013 y compris l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ou les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne&nbsp;\u2013, \u00e0 toutes les \u00e9tapes, depuis l\u2019extraction des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019utilisation finale. Tous les types de GES, transpos\u00e9s en \u00e9quivalent dioxyde de carbone, doivent \u00eatre pris en compte dans l\u2019analyse du cycle de vie d\u2019un carburant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019empreinte totale des \u00e9missions des carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne peut \u00eatre compar\u00e9e \u00e0 celle des carburants fossiles qu\u2019ils remplacent, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9valuation des \u00e9missions sur le cycle de vie de chaque carburant. Des \u00e9missions peuvent \u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 chacune des \u00e9tapes suivantes&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-771.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-206\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u00c9missions de production<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u00c9missions issues de la fabrication du carburant. L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert produit par \u00e9lectrolyse \u00e0 partir d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 renouvelable a des \u00e9missions quasi nulles, tandis que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne bleu produit \u00e0 partir de gaz naturel avec capture et s\u00e9questration du carbone peut avoir des \u00e9missions r\u00e9duites.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-772.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-207\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u00c9missions fugitives<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Lib\u00e9ration involontaire de GES dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re \u00e0 un moment quelconque de la production, du stockage, du transport et de l\u2019utilisation d\u2019un carburant. L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et le m\u00e9thane sont des gaz \u00e0 effet de serre puissants et toute fuite peut exacerber consid\u00e9rablement l\u2019incidence des GES. Les technologies de d\u00e9tection et de r\u00e9paration des fuites, telles que les drones et les traceurs, peuvent r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions fugitives tout au long de la cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-772-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-208\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>\u00c9missions de gaz d\u2019\u00e9chappement<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u00c9missions produites par la combustion des carburants dans un moteur&nbsp;<strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><strong>\u00c9missions de dioxyde de carbone<\/strong> \u2013 La combustion de carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne contenant du carbone entra\u00eene des \u00e9missions de dioxyde de carbone. Si le carbone contenu dans le combustible a \u00e9t\u00e9 extrait de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re par capture directe dans l\u2019air, le CO<sub>2<\/sub> lib\u00e9r\u00e9 lors de la combustion est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme neutre en carbone.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00c9missions de protoxyde d\u2019azote (<\/strong><strong>N\u2082O<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>\u2013 La plupart des moteurs produisent de petites quantit\u00e9s de protoxyde d\u2019azote r\u00e9sultant de la combinaison de l\u2019azote du carburant avec l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne de l\u2019air (\u00e0 ne pas confondre avec les \u00e9missions de NOx qui produisent du smog). Le protoxyde d\u2019azote est un gaz \u00e0 effet de serre tr\u00e8s puissant, dont le potentiel de r\u00e9chauffement plan\u00e9taire est environ 300 fois sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui du dioxyde de carbone.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-2\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 17%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-2.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large delay-2\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 30%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-1\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull standards-regulations has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"standards-regulations\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-white-background-color has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-e8ab11ccbf97420120fb578f80870a1c\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Normes et r\u00e9glementations<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s uniques de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne n\u00e9cessitent une infrastructure et une surveillance sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es. L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 largement utilis\u00e9s pour le raffinage, la production d\u2019engrais et les produits chimiques. \u00c0 mesure que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne passe du r\u00f4le de mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re industrielle \u00e0 celui de vecteur \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique \u00e0 faible teneur en carbone, de nouvelles normes et r\u00e9glementations seront n\u00e9cessaires pour garantir sa s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et son extensibilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les normes et r\u00e9glementations en vigueur pour le stockage et le transport de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et des carburants connexes sont encore en \u00e9volution et peuvent diff\u00e9rer d\u2019une r\u00e9gion \u00e0 l\u2019autre&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>Hydrog\u00e8ne<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Pas r\u00e9glement\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019heure actuelle pour une utilisation maritime \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle en raison de sa faible densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et du co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 de la liqu\u00e9faction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seuls de petits volumes d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne liquide peuvent actuellement \u00eatre transport\u00e9s par bateau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ammoniac&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Il existe une cha\u00eene de transport maritime mondiale bien \u00e9tablie, principalement destin\u00e9e aux engrais. Actuellement, de 11 \u00e0 14 millions de tonnes d\u2019ammoniac sont transport\u00e9es par mer chaque ann\u00e9e<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> dans des navires gaziers r\u00e9frig\u00e9r\u00e9s sp\u00e9cialement con\u00e7us pour ce type de transport, souvent avec du gaz de p\u00e9trole liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9 (GPL).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>De nouvelles normes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sont en cours d\u2019\u00e9laboration, car l\u2019ammoniac commence \u00e0 \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 comme carburant marin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>M\u00e9thanol<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>L\u2019utilisation du m\u00e9thanol est r\u00e9gie par les r\u00e8gles en vigueur pour les liquides inflammables.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Environ 13 millions de tonnes de m\u00e9thanol sont transport\u00e9es par voie maritime chaque ann\u00e9e, ce qui en fait un \u00e9l\u00e9ment \u00e9tabli du commerce mondial des produits chimiques&nbsp;<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L\u2019infrastructure de ravitaillement, l\u2019exp\u00e9rience op\u00e9rationnelle et les r\u00e8gles de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 existent d\u00e9j\u00e0, mais elles pourraient \u00e9voluer si le m\u00e9thanol devenait un carburant marin plus r\u00e9pandu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>M\u00e9thane<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Le m\u00e9thane est transport\u00e9 dans le monde entier en grandes quantit\u00e9s sous forme de gaz naturel liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9 (GNL), avec une infrastructure et des cadres r\u00e9glementaires \u00e9tablis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les navires aliment\u00e9s au GNL sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 en service, en particulier dans les secteurs qui cherchent \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions d\u2019oxydes de soufre et d\u2019azote.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les \u00e9missions fugitives (\u00e9missions de m\u00e9thane non br\u00fbl\u00e9) constituent une pr\u00e9occupation environnementale et r\u00e9glementaire majeure \u00e0 mesure que son utilisation comme carburant marin devient de plus en plus r\u00e9pandue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Les quatre carburants \u2013 hydrog\u00e8ne, ammoniac, m\u00e9thanol et m\u00e9thane (GNL) \u2013 devraient \u00eatre soumis aux r\u00e9glementations de l\u2019OMI en fonction de leur \u00e9volution, conform\u00e9ment aux objectifs mondiaux de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull challenges has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"challenges\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#01b0cf\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-cbb0b2fdc53f4654ecc51607a6ce121c has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-large-font-size\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>D\u00e9fis<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Si l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne pr\u00e9sentent un potentiel en tant que futurs carburants marins renouvelables, l\u2019extension de leur utilisation dans le secteur du transport maritime pr\u00e9sente plusieurs d\u00e9fis importants, avec des obstacles technologiques, \u00e9conomiques et infrastructurels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">\u00c9cart de co\u00fbt<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert et les carburants fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne, tels que le m\u00e9thane, l\u2019ammoniac ou le m\u00e9thanol, sont actuellement plus chers que les carburants conventionnels comme le mazout lourd et le diesel-navire. Les co\u00fbts de production, de stockage et de distribution de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne sont importants. L\u2019\u00e9lectrolyse, la capture de carbone et la construction de nouvelles infrastructures pour la fabrication des carburants sont autant de facteurs qui contribuent \u00e0 leur prix \u00e9lev\u00e9. Pour que les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne deviennent une solution de rechange viable aux carburants marins conventionnels, ces co\u00fbts devront \u00eatre consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duit.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 mesure que le prix des \u00e9missions de dioxyde de carbone augmente, l\u2019\u00e9cart de co\u00fbt entre les carburants conventionnels et les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne se r\u00e9duit. Le cadre de l\u2019Organisation maritime internationale aff\u00e9rent \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction \u00e0 z\u00e9ro des \u00e9missions nettes fixe le prix des \u00e9missions de carbone \u00e0 380 USD par tonne de CO2. Selon les estimations de co\u00fbts fournies par le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zerocarbonshipping.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centre M\u00e6rsk Mc-Kinney M\u00f8ller pour le transport maritime z\u00e9ro carbone<\/a>, la mise en \u0153uvre de ce cadre, associ\u00e9e \u00e0 des r\u00e9ductions de co\u00fbts pour les carburants, comblera l\u2019\u00e9cart de co\u00fbts pour l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne, l\u2019ammoniac et le m\u00e9thane, et laissera un faible \u00e9cart de co\u00fbts pour le m\u00e9thanol d\u2019ici 2030.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-211 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/cost-gap-chart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"786\" height=\"549\" \/><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-2\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle n\u00e9cessite une am\u00e9lioration substantielle de la technologie de l\u2019\u00e9lectrolyse et l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des sources d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelables consid\u00e9rables. Actuellement, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est majoritairement produit par des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s tels que le reformage du m\u00e9thane \u00e0 la vapeur, qui \u00e9met du dioxyde de carbone (hydrog\u00e8ne gris), \u00e0 moins que le carbone ne soit captur\u00e9 et s\u00e9questr\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme (hydrog\u00e8ne bleu).<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pour produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert, l\u2019\u00e9lectrolyse doit \u00eatre aliment\u00e9e par des \u00e9nergies renouvelables comme l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9olienne, solaire ou hydro\u00e9lectrique. Toutefois, les niveaux actuels de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne sont bien inf\u00e9rieurs aux volumes requis pour une utilisation marine \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle. Produire suffisamment d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande pr\u00e9vue n\u00e9cessiterait un investissement \u00e9norme tant dans les infrastructures d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelable que dans la technologie de l\u2019\u00e9lectrolyse, qui est encore nouvelle et co\u00fbteuse.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette demande, il faudrait acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer consid\u00e9rablement la capacit\u00e9 des \u00e9nergies renouvelables et passer \u00e0 la production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-87 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/H2-Scale-up-White_2_FR.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2179\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/H2-Scale-up-White_2_FR.png 2179w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/H2-Scale-up-White_2_FR-640x169.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/H2-Scale-up-White_2_FR-1280x338.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/H2-Scale-up-White_2_FR-768x203.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/H2-Scale-up-White_2_FR-1536x405.png 1536w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/H2-Scale-up-White_2_FR-2048x540.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2179px) 100vw, 2179px\" \/><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-3\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Capture et s\u00e9questration du carbone \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne bleu, produit \u00e0 partir du gaz naturel gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la capture et au stockage du carbone, requiert des m\u00e9thodes de capture du carbone efficaces. Cependant, les m\u00e9thodes actuelles sont co\u00fbteuses et ne sont pas d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Le stockage efficace du carbone captur\u00e9 n\u00e9cessite \u00e9galement des sites de stockage en sous-sol s\u00e9curis\u00e9s et une surveillance \u00e0 long terme pour \u00e9viter les fuites.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-4\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-4\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Demande en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 renouvelable<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-4\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-4\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert est gourmande en \u00e9nergie et n\u00e9cessite d\u2019importantes quantit\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 renouvelable. L\u2019augmentation de la demande d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert entra\u00eene une hausse de la demande de sources d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelables telles que l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9olienne, l\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire et l\u2019hydro\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Cela suppose une augmentation consid\u00e9rable de la capacit\u00e9 de production d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelable pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la fois \u00e0 la production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et aux besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques mondiaux croissants.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle requiert \u00e9galement d\u2019importants volumes d\u2019eau. La production d\u2019un kilogramme d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne par \u00e9lectrolyse n\u00e9cessite environ 25 litres d\u2019eau (9 litres\/kilogramme plus 10 \u00e0 20 litres suppl\u00e9mentaires pour la purification de l\u2019eau et le refroidissement).<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Les strat\u00e9gies durables de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne devront tenir compte de l\u2019approvisionnement en eau, de son traitement ainsi que de la concurrence avec d\u2019autres usages de l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-5\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-5\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement et transport<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-5\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-5\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 sa faible densit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne doit \u00eatre stock\u00e9 \u00e0 haute pression ou sous forme liqu\u00e9fi\u00e9e pour occuper moins d\u2019espace. Ces deux m\u00e9thodes de densification n\u00e9cessitent des syst\u00e8mes de stockage et de transport sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s. Cela signifie qu\u2019il faut de nouveaux pipelines, des navires de transport et des installations de stockage, ce qui repr\u00e9sente un co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 et requiert des investissements importants. L\u2019infrastructure de stockage et de transport de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne, contrairement \u00e0 celle pour les combustibles fossiles liquides, n\u2019est pas facilement adaptable \u00e0 partir de l\u2019infrastructure existante, ce qui suppose la mise en place d\u2019une nouvelle cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement. En outre, le transport de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne en grandes quantit\u00e9s sur de longues distances n\u00e9cessitera la mise au point de transporteurs d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s et de syst\u00e8mes de ravitaillement s\u00e9curitaires dans les ports.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-6\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-6\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Substitution de carburants<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-6\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-6\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Des syst\u00e8mes de certification et de v\u00e9rification sont n\u00e9cessaires pour garantir que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est produit \u00e0 partir de sources d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelables. Sans m\u00e9canisme de v\u00e9rification ind\u00e9pendant, l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit \u00e0 partir de sources fossiles pourrait compromettre les efforts de d\u00e9carbonation du secteur maritime.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Pour att\u00e9nuer ce risque, des m\u00e9canismes stricts de contr\u00f4le, de v\u00e9rification et de tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 devront \u00eatre mis en place pour garantir que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne utilis\u00e9 dans les carburants marins r\u00e9pond aux normes de durabilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements (2 element) -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-1\" style=\"left: 40px;top: 40%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements (3 elements) -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-2 delay-1\" style=\"right: 10px;top: 12%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-3 delay-2\" style=\"right: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-1 delay-3\" style=\"right: 15px;top: 78%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"hydrogen-in-canada\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#cceff5\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-8ab2ae9033bf4446ee1adb7074a9257e\"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Production et utilisation de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne au Canada<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-accent-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-accent-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>En 2020, le gouvernement du Canada a publi\u00e9 une <em>Strat\u00e9gie pour l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne<\/em> qui pr\u00e9voit de recourir \u00e0 de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e0 faibles \u00e9missions de carbone comme outil pour atteindre la carboneutralit\u00e9 d\u2019ici 2050. Depuis son lancement, environ 80 projets de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e0 faibles \u00e9missions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 annonc\u00e9s au Canada. <strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Nombre de ces projets sont encore \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude ou en cours de d\u00e9veloppement. Le secteur de la production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne au Canada continue d\u2019\u00e9voluer, et il est impossible de savoir combien de projets seront men\u00e9s \u00e0 bien. En 2025, le gouvernement canadien a annonc\u00e9 son intention de faire du Canada une superpuissance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale, tant pour les \u00e9nergies propres que pour les \u00e9nergies conventionnelles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><br><strong>Potentiel de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><br>Le Canada dispose d\u2019une importante capacit\u00e9 potentielle de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. Une carte des installations propos\u00e9es et existantes pr\u00e9sente les principaux projets d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert dans les provinces&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"image-map-container alignwide\">\n\n\t\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"image-map-image\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/image-map-2_FR.png\" alt=\"\" style=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n\n\t\t\n            <svg class=\"hotspot-container\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" viewBox=\"0 0 1400 1085\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69db41359a278\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1280\" cy=\"860\" r=\"16\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69db41359a278)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1280\" cy=\"860\" r=\"16\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"port-tupper-energy-hub-hawkesbury-n-e\" data-tooltip=\"Port Tupper Energy Hub, Hawkesbury, N.-\u00c9.\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;240&nbsp;000 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(production annuelle)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69db41359a51f\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1180\" cy=\"840\" r=\"12\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69db41359a51f)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1180\" cy=\"840\" r=\"12\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"projet-dhydrogene-vert-belledune-belledune-n-b\" data-tooltip=\"Projet d&#039;hydrog\u00e8ne vert Belledune, Belledune, N.-B.\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;150&nbsp;000 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(production annuelle)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69db41359a6c0\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1080\" cy=\"900\" r=\"12\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69db41359a6c0)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1080\" cy=\"900\" r=\"12\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"project-mauricie-shawnigan-qc\" data-tooltip=\"Project Mauricie, Shawnigan, Qc\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;150&nbsp;000 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(production annuelle)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69db41359a798\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(121,209,136)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1094\" cy=\"918\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(121,209,136)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69db41359a798)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1094\" cy=\"918\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(121,209,136)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"air-liquide-becancour-qc\" data-tooltip=\"Air Liquide, B\u00e9cancour, Qc\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;3&nbsp;000 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(production annuelle)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69db41359a8a6\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1078\" cy=\"926\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69db41359a8a6)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1078\" cy=\"926\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"varennes-carbon-recycling-varennes-qc\" data-tooltip=\"Varennes Carbon Recycling, Varennes, Qc\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;14&nbsp;600 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(production annuelle)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69db41359a9a9\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"135\" cy=\"870\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69db41359a9a9)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"135\" cy=\"870\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"installation-de-liquefaction-dhydrogene-htec-north-vancouver-c-b\" data-tooltip=\"Installation de liqu\u00e9faction d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne HTEC, North Vancouver, C.-B.\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;5&nbsp;470 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(production annuelle)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n            <\/svg>\n\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><br><strong>March\u00e9 national et mondial<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Le Canada a le potentiel de produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert, mais il ne dispose pas encore de l\u2019infrastructure n\u00e9cessaire pour en produire des quantit\u00e9s importantes ni de la demande pour consommer l\u2019\u00e9nergie produite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">En 2024, deux tiers (67&nbsp;%) des Canadiens interrog\u00e9s par l\u2019Institut Angus Reid estiment qu\u2019il est prioritaire d\u2019utiliser de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert pour d\u00e9carboner les industries nationales, notamment le transport maritime. Des groupes de taille similaire affirment que le Canada devrait principalement exporter l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne qu\u2019il produit (16&nbsp;%) ou ne pas investir dans l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (17&nbsp;%).<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">En mars 2024, le Canada et l\u2019Allemagne ont sign\u00e9 un protocole d\u2019entente qui pr\u00e9voit un engagement de 600 millions de dollars dans la mise en place d\u2019une cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement en hydrog\u00e8ne vert, \u00e0 la suite d\u2019une d\u00e9claration d\u2019intention conjointe des deux pays concernant la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une alliance pour l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne conclue en 2022.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[33]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> L\u2019Allemagne a pour objectif d\u2019importer de 50 \u00e0 70&nbsp;% de ses besoins en hydrog\u00e8ne d\u2019ici 2030.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> En 2024, l\u2019Association canadienne de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne a sign\u00e9 des protocoles d\u2019entente avec Hydrogen Europe et Hydrogen Sweden pour soutenir un effort collectif visant \u00e0 renforcer la collaboration internationale dans ce domaine et \u00e0 acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le d\u00e9ploiement de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[35, 36]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Dans la r\u00e9gion du Pacifique, Hydrogen Canada Corp. et Korea Southern Power ont sign\u00e9 un protocole d\u2019entente en 2024 pour mettre en place des installations de production et d\u2019exportation d\u2019ammoniac vert, afin de fournir de l\u2019ammoniac au march\u00e9 sud-cor\u00e9en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 25px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-2.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 35%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium delay-1\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-2.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-2\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull initiatives has-white-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" id=\"initiatives-underway\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-fade-in-left has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c80d5be2137add5f251506381dac4dc7\"><strong><br><strong>Projets en cours<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-119\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Air-Liquide-Logo-640x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Air Liquide\u00a0\u2013 B\u00e9cancour (B\u00e9cancour, QC) <\/b>&#8211; .Le projet Air Liquide \u2013 B\u00e9cancour, op\u00e9rationnel depuis 2021, abrite le plus grand \u00e9lectrolyseur \u00e0 membrane \u00e9changeuse de protons (MEP) au monde, qui peut produire jusqu\u2019\u00e0 8,2 tonnes d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert par jour gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 de l\u2019\u00e9nergie hydro\u00e9lectrique renouvelable. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airliquide.com\/sites\/airliquide.com\/files\/2021-01\/en-bref-air-liquidehydrogene-becancour_61f1075c1022c.pdf\">En savoir plus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-129\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Port-of-Belledune.avif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"83\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Projet d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert de Belledune (Belledune, N.-B.)<\/strong> \u2013 Le port de Belledune collabore avec Cross River Infrastructure Partners, les Premi\u00e8res Nations de Pabineau et d\u2019Eel River Bar pour mettre sur pied une installation de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et d\u2019ammoniac verts \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle. Le projet pr\u00e9voit utiliser 500 m\u00e9gawatts d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 renouvelable pour produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et de l\u2019ammoniac verts destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la consommation int\u00e9rieure et \u00e0 l\u2019exportation. Le projet est actuellement en cours d\u2019\u00e9laboration et pourrait \u00eatre op\u00e9rationnel d\u2019ici 2027. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.portbelledune.ca\/fr\/green-energy-hub\/green-hydrogen-project\">En savoir plus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-132\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HY2GENLogo_wide-640x101.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"38\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Projet Courant (Baie-Comeau, QC) <\/b>\u2013 Le projet Courant est une installation de production d\u2019ammoniac vert propos\u00e9e par Hy2gen Canada. L\u2019hydro\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 servira \u00e0 produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert, qui sera ensuite converti en ammoniac pour \u00eatre export\u00e9 et utilis\u00e9 dans l\u2019industrie. Le projet est encore en cours de d\u00e9veloppement et aucune date de lancement n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 fix\u00e9e. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hy2gen.com\/fr\/courant\">En savoir plus<\/a><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-133\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HTEC_ID_F-640x161.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"60\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Installation de liqu\u00e9faction d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne HTEC (North Vancouver, C.-B.)<\/strong> \u2013 L\u2019installation de liqu\u00e9faction d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne HTEC \u00e0 North Vancouver, annonc\u00e9e en 2025, traitera 15 tonnes par jour de sous-produits d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne qui seront distribu\u00e9s en Colombie-Britannique et en Alberta. Le projet fait partie du programme H2 Gateway, qui comprend des stations de ravitaillement en hydrog\u00e8ne et des camions \u00e9lectriques \u00e0 pile \u00e0 combustible. Le projet en est actuellement aux premiers stades de d\u00e9veloppement et la date de mise en service n\u2019a pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 fix\u00e9e. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.htec.ca\/h2gateway\/\">En savoir plus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-124 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Everwind-Logo-640x154.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"58\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-125 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/BearHeadEnergy-Logo-640x177.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"66\" \/><\/div>\n<p><b>Carrefour \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique du port Tupper (Hawkesbury, N.-\u00c9.) <\/b>\u2013 Deux projets sont en cours dans le parc industriel de Point Tupper, pr\u00e8s du port Hawkesbury, en Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse. Everwind d\u00e9veloppe une installation de production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et d\u2019ammoniac verts. Elle utilisera des parcs \u00e9oliens nouvellement construits et l\u2019eau du lac Landrie. Bear Head Energy pr\u00e9voit une installation \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle de production, de stockage et de chargement d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et d\u2019ammoniac verts. Les deux projets sont en cours de d\u00e9veloppement et la d\u00e9cision finale d\u2019investissement devrait \u00eatre prise en 2025. Pour en savoir plus sur <a href=\"https:\/\/everwindfuels.com\/projects\/point_tupper\">Everwind<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bearheadenergy.ca\/\">Bear Head Energy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-449\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/hydrogen-megaproject.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"127\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Projet Mauricie (Shawinigan, QC)<\/b> \u2013 Le projet Mauricie, dirig\u00e9 par TESCanada H2 Inc., vise \u00e0 produire jusqu\u2019\u00e0 70\u2009000 tonnes m\u00e9triques d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert par an pour soutenir la d\u00e9carbonation industrielle et le transport lourd au Qu\u00e9bec. AtkinsR\u00e9alis fournit des services d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie et de conception pour le projet, qui est actuellement dans la phase de d\u00e9veloppement. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.projetmauricie.ca\/about\/\">En savoir plus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-451\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Recyclage_Carbone_Varennes__RCV__Mise___jour_sur_la_premi_re_usi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"62\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recyclage Carbone Varennes (Varennes, QC)<\/strong> \u2013 Le projet Recyclage Carbone Varennes, actuellement en construction, comprendra un syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9lectrolyse de 90 m\u00e9gawatts aliment\u00e9 par l\u2019hydro\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert sur place. Cet hydrog\u00e8ne servira \u00e0 convertir les d\u00e9chets et la biomasse en carburants \u00e0 faible teneur en carbone, soutenant ainsi les objectifs du Qu\u00e9bec en mati\u00e8re d\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire et de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions. Initialement pr\u00e9vue pour 2025, l\u2019exploitation devrait d\u00e9marrer en 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/recyclagecarbone.com\/qui-sommes-nous\/\">En savoir plus<\/a>.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-2\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Stockage d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AturaPowerLogo3x2-640x79.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"30\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Windsor Salt Cavern Storage (Altura Power, Plains All American)<\/strong> \u2013 Le projet Windsor Salt Cavern Storage, \u00e9labor\u00e9 par Altura Power et Plains All American, vise \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une installation de stockage d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne dans des cavernes de sel en Ontario. Annonc\u00e9 en 2024, il permettra de stocker \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit en p\u00e9riode d\u2019offre exc\u00e9dentaire, garantissant ainsi une source d\u2019\u00e9nergie stable et fiable lorsque la demande est \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Le projet est actuellement dans une phase de planification et d\u2019obtention des autorisations r\u00e9glementaires, et la construction devrait commencer en 2025.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-3\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Transport et utilisation de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-123\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AHA-640x176.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"66\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Atlantic Hydrogen Alliance<\/strong> \u2013 L\u2019Atlantic Hydrogen Alliance soutient la mise en place d\u2019une cha\u00eene de valeur dynamique pour l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert afin de permettre la transition vers une \u00e9conomie prosp\u00e8re \u00e0 faibles \u00e9missions de carbone dans le Canada atlantique. <a href=\"https:\/\/atlantichydrogen.ca\/fr\">En savoir plus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-127\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Port_of_Halifax_Logo-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Initiative du corridor de navigation vert, port de Halifax, N.-\u00c9<\/strong>. \u2013 L\u2019Administration portuaire de Halifax a re\u00e7u un financement qui pourrait atteindre 22,5 millions de dollars de Transports Canada dans le cadre du programme du corridor de navigation \u00e9cologique afin de pr\u00e9parer le port aux carburants et aux sources d\u2019\u00e9nergie de l\u2019avenir. Ce financement s\u2019appuie sur des projets existants au port de Halifax, notamment le protocole d\u2019entente sign\u00e9 en 2022 avec le port de Hambourg pour d\u00e9carboner le corridor de navigation entre les deux ports. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.porthalifax.ca\/halifax-recoit-225-millions-de-dollars-de-transports-canada\/?lang=fr\">En savoir plus<\/a><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-453\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/LOGO@2x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"74\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Prototypes d\u2019\u00e9quipement aliment\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne, port de Montr\u00e9al, QC<\/strong> \u2013 L\u2019exploitant de terminal QSL a re\u00e7u des prototypes d\u2019\u00e9quipement propuls\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne en 2022 afin d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la d\u00e9carbonation de l\u2019industrie du transport maritime. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.port-montreal.com\/fr\/le-port-de-montreal\/nouvelles-et-evenements\/nouvelles\/prototype-h\">En savoir plus<\/a><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-134\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/prpalogofullcolour1089x55501_1-640x263.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"99\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Camions \u00e0 hydrog\u00e8ne, port de Prince Rupert, C.-B.<\/strong> \u2013 Le port de Prince Rupert a annonc\u00e9 en juin 2024 qu\u2019il ajouterait quatre nouveaux camions lourds \u00e0 \u00e9missions nulles ou faibles \u00e0 ses op\u00e9rations. Deux de ces camions seront aliment\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne, un \u00e0 la batterie \u00e9lectrique et un \u00e0 la co-combustion hydrog\u00e8ne-diesel. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rupertport.com\/fr\/des-camions-zero-et-a-faibles-emissions-seront-mis-a-lessai-au-port-de-prince-rupert-par-lentremise-de-lintegrated-marketplace-de-la-colombie-britannique\/\">En savoir plus<\/a><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-135\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/port-of-belledune-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"62\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cha\u00eene de valeur transatlantique de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne, port de Belledune, N.-\u00c9.<\/strong> \u2013 L\u2019Administration portuaire de Belledune a sign\u00e9 un protocole d\u2019entente avec le port d\u2019Anvers-Bruges pour collaborer \u00e0 la mise en place d\u2019une cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement en carburants \u00e0 faibles \u00e9missions de carbone et en produits de fabrication \u00e9cologiques, la priorit\u00e9 \u00e9tant accord\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et \u00e0 ses d\u00e9riv\u00e9s. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.portbelledune.ca\/fr\/post\/les-ports-de-belledune-et-d-antwerp-bruges-signent-un-accord-pour-acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rer-le-commerce-de-l-%C3%A9nergie\">En savoir plus<\/a><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-a20b34fc1786844c1604863b65d21c9a is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" id=\"conclusion\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgb(30,112,132) 0%,rgb(0,176,202) 100%);margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-fade-in-left has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong>L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et les carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne repr\u00e9sentent une voie potentiellement int\u00e9ressante pour les carburants marins. Toutefois, de nombreux d\u00e9fis restent \u00e0 relever, notamment en ce qui concerne la mise en place des infrastructures, la r\u00e9duction des co\u00fbts et l\u2019\u00e9volution de la r\u00e9glementation. De nombreux projets li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne en sont encore aux premiers stades de d\u00e9veloppement, et il faudra du temps et d\u2019importants investissements avant que l\u2019industrie maritime soit pr\u00eate \u00e0 transporter l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ou \u00e0 l\u2019utiliser comme carburant pour les navires.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" id=\"about\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-fade-in-left has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8d293084 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4742715b708821d68de911cd45af368f\"><strong><strong>\u00c0 propos de Clear Seas<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-gainsboro-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-gainsboro-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong>Clear Seas est un organisme canadien sans but lucratif qui fournit de l\u2019information objective afin de permettre au gouvernement, \u00e0 l\u2019industrie et au grand public de prendre des d\u00e9cisions \u00e9clair\u00e9es sur les questions relatives au transport maritime. Nous nous effor\u00e7ons de sensibiliser et de susciter la confiance afin que chacun puisse se sentir partie prenante du secteur maritime. Notre vision est celle d\u2019un secteur maritime durable, s\u00fbr, dynamique et ouvert \u00e0 tous, aujourd\u2019hui et pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-small-font-size is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>En tant que centre de recherche ind\u00e9pendant, Clear Seas fonctionne sans lien de d\u00e9pendance avec ses bailleurs de fonds. Note programme de recherche est d\u00e9fini \u00e0 l\u2019interne en fonction des enjeux du moment, examin\u00e9 par notre comit\u00e9 consultatif de recherche&nbsp;et approuv\u00e9 par notre conseil d\u2019administration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Notre conseil d\u2019administration&nbsp;est compos\u00e9 de scientifiques, de dirigeants de collectivit\u00e9s, d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs et de cadres de l\u2019industrie poss\u00e9dant des dizaines d\u2019ann\u00e9es d\u2019exp\u00e9rience en recherche sur les questions humaines, environnementales et \u00e9conomiques li\u00e9es \u00e0 nos oc\u00e9ans, \u00e0 nos c\u00f4tes et \u00e0 nos voies navigables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le public peut prendre connaissance de nos rapports et de nos conclusions \u00e0 l\u2019adresse suivante&nbsp;:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">clearseas.org\/fr\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-accent-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-accent-border-color wp-element-button\" href=\"#citations\"><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences [et notes en bas de page]<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"citations\" class=\"basic-popup\">\n    <div class=\"popup-overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"popup-content\">\n        <div class=\"popup-content-inner\">\n            <div class=\"popup-content-header\">\n                <span class=\"popup-close\"><i class=\"far fa-times\"><\/i><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popup-content-body\">\n                <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1ee3717eb55a9cd8b106190bd735cf7b\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\"><strong><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences [et notes en bas de page]<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Conf\u00e9rence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le d\u00e9veloppement. (2024). Examen des transports maritimes. <a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/rmt2024ch2_en.pdf\"><em>Chapitre 2&nbsp;: Flotte et services de transport maritime dans le monde<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Le joule est une unit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie qui \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 0,24 calorie. 1 p\u00e9tajoule \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 31,6 millions de m\u00b3 de gaz naturel ou \u00e0 278 millions de kilowattheures d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Organisation maritime internationale. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imo.org\/fr\/MediaCentre\/PressBriefings\/pages\/IMO-approves-netzero-regulations.aspx\"><em>L\u2019OMI approuve la r\u00e9glementation \u00ab&nbsp;z\u00e9ro \u00e9mission nette&nbsp;\u00bb pour le transport maritime mondial.<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Organisation maritime internationale. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/wwwcdn.imo.org\/localresources\/en\/OurWork\/Environment\/Documents\/Fourth%20IMO%20GHG%20Study%202020%20-%20Full%20report%20and%20annexes.pdf\"><em>Quatri\u00e8me \u00e9tude sur les gaz \u00e0 effet de serre<\/em><\/a>. Tableau 34, p. 97.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hren, R. et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122009947\">\u00ab&nbsp;Hydrogen production, storage, and transport for renewable energy and chemicals: An environmental footprint assessment<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122009947\">&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/a> <em>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 173<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2022.113113<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hren, R. et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122009947\">\u00ab&nbsp;Hydrogen production, storage, and transport for renewable energy and chemicals: An environmental footprint assessment<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122009947\">&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/a> <em>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 173<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2022.113113<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Energy Agency. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/energy-system\/low-emission-fuels\/hydrogen\"><em>Low Emission Fuels: Hydrogen<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gouvernement du Canada. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/ressources-naturelles.canada.ca\/source-energie\/combustibles-propres\/production-hydrogene-canada\"><em>La production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne au Canada<\/em><\/a>. Ressources naturelles Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Massarweh, O. et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2212982023000495\">\u00ab&nbsp;Blue hydrogen production from natural gas reservoirs: A review of application and feasibility<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2212982023000495\">&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/a> <em>Journal of CO<\/em><sub><em>2<\/em><\/sub><em> Utilization. Vol. 70<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcou.2023.102438<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gouvernement du Canada. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/ressources-naturelles.canada.ca\/financement-partenariats\/production-hydrogene-carboneutre-moyen-pyrolyse\"><em>Production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne carboneutre au moyen de la pyrolyse<\/em><\/a>. Ressources naturelles Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gouvernement du Canada. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/ressources-naturelles.canada.ca\/source-energie\/combustibles-propres\/production-hydrogene-canada\"><em>La production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne au Canada<\/em><\/a>. Ressources naturelles Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hydrogen Tools. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/h2tools.org\/bestpractices\/gaseous-gh2-and-liquid-h2-fueling-stations\/hydrogen-compared-to-other-fuels\"><em>Hydrogen compared to other fuels<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Padappayil, R. P. et Borger, J. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK546677\/\"><em>Ammonia toxicity<\/em><\/a>. StatsPearl. National Library of Medicine.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Methanol Institute. (s.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.methanol.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/PrecautionsforLoadingMethanol.pdf\">\u00ab&nbsp;Precautions for loading, unloading, transport and storage of methanol&nbsp;\u00bb<\/a>. <em>Methanol Safe Handling Technical Bulletin.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maritime Optima. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/maritimeoptima.com\/insights\/will-the-ammonia-shipping-market-boom\"><em>Will the ammonia shipping market boom?<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nexant ECA. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nexanteca.com\/blog\/202304\/global-sustainable-methanol-market-snapshot?utm_content=246453001&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=linkedin&amp;hss_channel=lcp-68799790\"><em>Global methanol market snapshot<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Safety4Sea. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/safety4sea.com\/there-are-251-pending-and-delivered-methanol-vessels\/\"><em>Methanol Institute: There are 251 pending and delivered methanol vessels<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Connaissance des \u00e9nergies. (2025). La demande mondiale de GNL \u00ab devrait augmenter d\u2019environ 60&nbsp;% d\u2019ici 2040 \u00bb, selon Shell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chen, P. S., et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360319923004354\">\u00ab&nbsp;A review on ports\u2019 readiness to facilitate international hydrogen trade&nbsp;\u00bb<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Hydrogen Energy<\/em>, <em>Vol. 48, Iss. 46<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.01.220\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.01.220<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rutherford, D. et al., Seward, N. et al, et Schmidt, J. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/theicct.org\/publication\/feasibility-study-of-future-energy-options-for-great-lakes-shipping-march24\/\"><em>Feasibility study of future energy options for Great Lakes shipping<\/em><\/a>. International Council on Clean Transportation, American Bureau of Shipping et la Conf\u00e9rence des gouverneurs et des premiers ministres des Grands Lacs et du Saint-Laurent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gouvernement des \u00c9tats-Unis. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/understanding-global-warming-potentials?\"><em>Understanding global warming potentials<\/em><\/a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DNV. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dnv.com\/focus-areas\/hydrogen\/forecast-to-2050\/\"><em>Hydrogen forecast to 2050<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DNV. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dnv.com\/focus-areas\/hydrogen\/forecast-to-2050\/\"><em>Hydrogen forecast to 2050<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Renewable Energy Agency. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2024\/Jul\/IRENA_Green_hydrogen_strategy_design_2024.pdf\"><em>Green hydrogen strategy: A guide to design<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Renewable Energy Agency. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Energy-Transition\/Technology\/Hydrogen\"><em>Hydrogen<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Renewable Energy Agency. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Energy-Transition\/Technology\/Hydrogen\"><em>Hydrogen<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Massarweh, O. et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2212982023000495\">\u00ab&nbsp;Blue hydrogen production from natural gas reservoirs: A review of application and feasibility&nbsp;\u00bb<\/a>. <em>Journal of CO<\/em><sub><em>2<\/em><\/sub><em> Utilization. Vol. 70.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcou.2023.102438<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Energy Agency. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/5ae32253-7409-4f9a-a91d-1493ffb9777a\/Renewables2021-Analysisandforecastto2026.pdf\"><em>Renewables 2021: Analysis and forecast to 2026<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rocky Mountain Institute. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/rmi.org\/hydrogen-reality-check-distilling-green-hydrogens-water-consumption\/\"><em>Hydrogen reality check: Distilling green hydrogen\u2019s water consumption<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Islam, A. et al. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.04.142\">\u00ab&nbsp;Accelerating the green hydrogen revolution: A comprehensive analysis of technological advancements and policy interventions&nbsp;\u00bb<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 67<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gouvernement du Canada (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/ressources-naturelles.canada.ca\/source-energie\/combustibles-propres\/strategie-relative-hydrogene\/strategie-canadienne-l-hydrogene-rapport-etape\"><em>Strat\u00e9gie canadienne pour l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne&nbsp;: Rapport d\u2019\u00e9tape<\/em><\/a>. Ressources naturelles Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear Seas. (2024). Sondage d\u2019opinion 2024&nbsp;: <a href=\"https:\/\/angusreid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2024.09.26_Clear_Seas_final_FR.pdf\"><em>Attitude des Canadiens \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard du transport maritime<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Day, P. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/canadas-hydrogen-strategy-advances-challenges-remain-2024-08-23\/?\"><em>Canada\u2019s hydrogen strategy advances, challenges remain<\/em><\/a>. Reuters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gouvernement du Canada. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/fr\/ressources-naturelles-canada\/nouvelles\/2024\/03\/un-accord-entre-le-gouvernement-du-canada-et-lallemagne-assurera-a-lhydrogene-propre-du-canada-un-acces-rapide-au-marche.html\"><em>Un<\/em><em>protocole d\u2019entente entre le gouvernement du Canada et l\u2019Allemagne assurera \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne propre du Canada un acc\u00e8s rapide au march\u00e9<\/em>.<\/a> Ressources naturelles Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u00e4tgas Sverige. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/vatgas.se\/en\/2024\/12\/18\/hydrogen-collaboration-between-canada-and-sweden-strengthened-through-memorandum-of-understanding\/\"><em>Hydrogen collaboration between Canada and Sweden strengthened through memorandum of understanding<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Association canadienne de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/canadah2.ca\/the-canadian-hydrogen-association-and-hydrogen-europe-sign-mou\"><em>L\u2019Association canadienne de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et Hydrogen Europe signent<\/em><em>un protocole d\u2019accord<\/em><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n    \/\/ Check if the array exists; if not, initialize it\n    var validPopupIds = validPopupIds || [];\n    validPopupIds.push(\"citations\");\n<\/script>\n\n<div id=\"direct-capture-co2\" class=\"basic-popup\">\n    <div class=\"popup-overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"popup-content\">\n        <div class=\"popup-content-inner\">\n            <div class=\"popup-content-header\">\n                <span class=\"popup-close\"><i class=\"far fa-times\"><\/i><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popup-content-body\">\n                <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-e1a64a5a3fbd9b0f406de748741c0ff3\"><strong><strong>Capture directe du CO<\/strong><sub><strong>2<\/strong><\/sub><strong> dans <\/strong><strong>l\u2019air<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le carbone est n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la fabrication de certains carburants comme le m\u00e9thanol ou le m\u00e9thane, qui contiennent du carbone dans leur formule chimique. La mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re est le CO<sub>2<\/sub>. L\u2019utilisation du CO<sub>2<\/sub> produit par la combustion de carburants fossiles ne permet pas de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre. Il faut plut\u00f4t capter le CO<sub>2<\/sub> pr\u00e9sent dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re pour l\u2019utiliser dans la production de carburants. La technologie de capture directe dans l\u2019air permet de filtrer le CO<sub>2<\/sub> de l\u2019air et de le fournir aux producteurs pour la fabrication de carburants \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n    \/\/ Check if the array exists; if not, initialize it\n    var validPopupIds = validPopupIds || [];\n    validPopupIds.push(\"direct-capture-co2\");\n<\/script>\n\n<div id=\"what-is-electrolysis\" class=\"basic-popup\">\n    <div class=\"popup-overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"popup-content\">\n        <div class=\"popup-content-inner\">\n            <div class=\"popup-content-header\">\n                <span class=\"popup-close\"><i class=\"far fa-times\"><\/i><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popup-content-body\">\n                <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-e56b5478cffe2e8a626e0257cca754f5\">Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;\u00e9lectrolyse ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"812\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/Electrolysis-Basic_2_FR.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-86\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/Electrolysis-Basic_2_FR.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/Electrolysis-Basic_2_FR-640x406.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2025\/08\/Electrolysis-Basic_2_FR-768x487.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Lorsqu\u2019un courant \u00e9lectrique traverse l\u2019eau, il brise les mol\u00e9cules d\u2019eau (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) en hydrog\u00e8ne gazeux (H<sub>2<\/sub>) \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lectrode n\u00e9gative (cathode) et en oxyg\u00e8ne gazeux (O<sub>2<\/sub>) \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lectrode positive (anode). L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne peut ensuite \u00eatre recueilli et utilis\u00e9 comme combustible.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n    \/\/ Check if the array exists; if not, initialize it\n    var validPopupIds = validPopupIds || [];\n    validPopupIds.push(\"what-is-electrolysis\");\n<\/script>\n\n<div id=\"steam-methane-reforming\" class=\"basic-popup\">\n    <div class=\"popup-overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"popup-content\">\n        <div class=\"popup-content-inner\">\n            <div class=\"popup-content-header\">\n                <span class=\"popup-close\"><i class=\"far fa-times\"><\/i><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popup-content-body\">\n                <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d141f98ec496deddc5155b8eb5f00a3c\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\"><strong><strong>Reformage du m\u00e9thane \u00e0 la vapeur (RMV)<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><br>C<strong>apture et s\u00e9questration du carbone<\/strong><\/strong> &#8211; Technologie utilis\u00e9e pour capturer le CO<sub>2 <\/sub>lib\u00e9r\u00e9 lors de la production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e0 partir du gaz naturel ou du charbon afin d\u2019\u00e9viter qu\u2019il ne s\u2019\u00e9chappe dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re et ne contribue aux changements climatiques. Le dioxyde de carbone captur\u00e9 doit \u00eatre stock\u00e9 sous terre dans le cadre d\u2019un processus appel\u00e9 s\u00e9questration. L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit par cette m\u00e9thode est appel\u00e9 \u00ab&nbsp;hydrog\u00e8ne bleu&nbsp;\u00bb<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Si le dioxyde de carbone captur\u00e9 est utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u2019autres fins industrielles et rejet\u00e9 dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, la capture ne permettra pas de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre. Il est \u00e9galement n\u00e9cessaire de pouvoir s\u00e9questrer le dioxyde de carbone dans le sous-sol pour de nombreuses g\u00e9n\u00e9rations et en grandes quantit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n    \/\/ Check if the array exists; if not, initialize it\n    var validPopupIds = validPopupIds || [];\n    validPopupIds.push(\"steam-methane-reforming\");\n<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Qu\u2019est-ce que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne? L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (H\u2082) est l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment le plus abondant de l\u2019univers. On le trouve dans l\u2019eau (H\u2082O), les plantes, les animaux et les hydrocarbures qui constituent les \u00e9l\u00e9ments de base de carburants tels que l\u2019essence, le diesel et le gaz naturel. En tant que substance capable de stocker de l\u2019\u00e9nergie en vue d\u2019une utilisation [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":114,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5\/revisions\/114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogene-et-transport-maritime\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}