{"id":9,"date":"2025-06-09T15:30:12","date_gmt":"2025-06-09T15:30:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/?page_id=9"},"modified":"2025-10-14T16:49:57","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T16:49:57","slug":"home","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/","title":{"rendered":"Home"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull cover-bottom\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);min-height:850px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><video class=\"wp-block-cover__video-background intrinsic-ignore\" autoplay muted loop playsinline src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/hydrogen-shipping-header.webm\" data-object-fit=\"cover\"><\/video><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim wp-block-cover__gradient-background has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(14,124,172,0.28) 74%,rgb(254,254,254) 99%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-fade-in-left is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide has-text-align-left\"><strong>HYDROGEN &amp; MARINE SHIPPING<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-448705aace27d803cf31aee48e0d3369\" style=\"letter-spacing:0.5px\"><strong><strong>#clearfacts #netzero #hydrogenfuels<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-white-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-72190d31 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"what-is-hydrogen\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up h2-2-left-bottom h2-1-right-bottom has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div style=\"height:150px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is Hydrogen?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-accent-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-accent-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-emphasis-font-size\">Hydrogen (H\u2082) is the most abundant element in the universe \u2013 present in water (H\u2082O), plants, animals, and hydrocarbons as building blocks for fuels like gasoline, diesel and natural gas. As a substance that can store energy for later use, hydrogen is a highly versatile element and can be produced using renewable electricity, making it a potential candidate to replace fossil fuels to achieve sustainable energy systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">This site shares information from academic, industry, government and non-government sources about hydrogen and its potential as a sustainable fuel source for use and transport by ships. The site\u2019s purpose is to encourage informed conversations about the benefits, risks, and challenges of transitioning to this fuel type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Emerging Energy Opportunity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">As the world\u2019s energy demand includes a growing share of sustainable energy sources, hydrogen is emerging as a potential solution to store and transport energy. With this shift, hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels, such as ammonia, methanol, and methane, will need to be produced and transported to meet energy demand just like oil is today.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">How big is the world energy transport market?<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Each year, oil tankers move more than 2 billion tonnes of crude oil around the world to meet the world\u2019s energy needs.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> This cargo is valued at over $120 billion and contains over 80,000 petajoules<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> of energy \u2013 more than 2.5 times the world\u2019s current renewable electricity generation capacity.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">In 2025, the maritime industry, through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), committed to a legally binding framework to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by or around 2050.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Hydrogen-based fuels are emerging as potential candidates to replace traditional ship fuels.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">How large is the world ship fuel market?<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ships currently consume about 340 million tonnes of fuel<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> each year or 14.2 petajoules of energy (based on 42 gigajoules per tonne of heavy fuel oil), mainly as <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/insights\/marine-fuels-what-is-heavy-fuel-oil\/\">heavy fuel oil<\/a> or marine diesel. This market is worth over $165 billion with heavy fuel oil priced at $500 per tonne.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-5.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-1 delay-2\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull fuels-hydrogen has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"fuels-from-hydrogen\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgb(2,133,156) 0%,rgb(66,193,215) 100%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f69a1a947639556ab3290fd0c97380a8 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-large-font-size\"><strong>Fuels Made From Hydrogen<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Several hydrogen-based fuels can be used as alternatives to crude oil to fuel ships and transport energy, each with different characteristics:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"254\" height=\"253\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ammonia.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ammonia.png 254w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ammonia-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong>Ammonia<\/strong><br>(NH\u2083)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">A pungent gas that is produced naturally in the environment from the breakdown of organic matter. It is often found in household cleaning products. Ammonia can be turned into a liquid by dissolving it in water or by applying pressure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methanol.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-146\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methanol.png 252w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methanol-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong><strong>Methanol<\/strong><\/strong><br>(CH\u2083OH)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">A simple alcohol similar to the ethanol found in alcoholic drinks but more toxic. Methanol is found in everyday products like windshield washer fluid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methane.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methane.png 252w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methane-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong><strong><strong>Methane<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><br>(CH\u2084)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">A colourless odorless gas naturally produced from the breakdown of organic matter or occurring in underground rock formations. Commonly found in natural gas used for cooking, heating and industrial processes, and liquefied for use as a marine fuel (LNG).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong>Learn more about <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/lng\/\"><strong>LNG &amp; Marine Shipping<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-1 delay-2\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull fuel-properties has-white-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-836699a4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"fuel-properties\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up has-black-color has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-06dcb3737dd7ecee2be2c05584a1719c has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59d3aed83f9d9d103fc9f346528fc16f\"><strong>Fuel Properties<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong>To evaluate the technical suitability of hydrogen and related fuels as a substitute for crude oil or diesel, experts evaluate its chemical properties like energy density and storage temperature.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:1rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<title>Fuel Comparison Table<\/title>\n\n<div class=\"fuel-table-container\">\n    <table class=\"fuel-table animate-on-scroll\">\n        <thead>\n            <tr>\n                <th>FUEL<\/th>\n                <th>CHEMICAL FORMULA<\/th>\n                <th>ENERGY DENSITY AS A LIQUID<br>(OIL EQUIVALENT %)<\/th>\n                <th>NATURAL STATE AT<br>ROOM TEMPERATURE<\/th>\n                <th>LIQUID<br>TEMPERATURE (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/thead>\n        <tbody>\n            <tr>\n                <td><span class=\"fuel-name hydrogen\">Hydrogen<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"formula\">H\u2082<\/span><\/td>\n                <td>\n                    <div class=\"energy-bar-container\">\n                        <div class=\"energy-bar hydrogen\">\n                            <div class=\"energy-fill hydrogen\" data-width=\"14\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/energy-icon.png\" alt=\"Energy\" class=\"energy-icon\" \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <span class=\"energy-percentage\">14%<\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"state-badge\">gas<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"temperature\">-253\u00b0C<\/span><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><span class=\"fuel-name ammonia\">Ammonia<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"formula\">NH\u2083<\/span><\/td>\n                <td>\n                    <div class=\"energy-bar-container\">\n                        <div class=\"energy-bar ammonia\">\n                            <div class=\"energy-fill ammonia\" data-width=\"28\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/energy-icon.png\" alt=\"Energy\" class=\"energy-icon\" \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <span class=\"energy-percentage\">28%<\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"state-badge\">gas<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"temperature\">-33.6\u00b0C<\/span><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><span class=\"fuel-name methane\">Methane<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"formula\">CH\u2084<\/span><\/td>\n                <td>\n                    <div class=\"energy-bar-container\">\n                        <div class=\"energy-bar methane\">\n                            <div class=\"energy-fill methane\" data-width=\"36\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/energy-icon.png\" alt=\"Energy\" class=\"energy-icon\" \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <span class=\"energy-percentage\">36%<\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"state-badge\">gas<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"temperature\">-162\u00b0C<\/span><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><span class=\"fuel-name methanol\">Methanol<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"formula\">CH\u2083OH<\/span><\/td>\n                <td>\n                    <div class=\"energy-bar-container\">\n                        <div class=\"energy-bar methanol\">\n                            <div class=\"energy-fill methanol\" data-width=\"39\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/energy-icon.png\" alt=\"Energy\" class=\"energy-icon\" \/>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <span class=\"energy-percentage\">39%<\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"state-badge\">liquid<\/span><\/td>\n                <td><span class=\"temperature\">64.7\u00b0C<\/span><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Energy Density<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Energy density is a measure of how much energy can be held in a specific amount of space. A substance with high energy density holds a lot of energy in a small space. A substance with low energy density would take up more space for the same amount of energy. Changing the storage temperature, like cooling a gas into a liquid, can increase the energy density.<\/p>\n<p>Hydrogen has the lowest energy density by volume, which presents challenges for storage and transport. When hydrogen gas is compressed or liquefied it will take up less space, but even liquid hydrogen still requires about seven times the volume of marine diesel for the same amount of energy.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0Converting the hydrogen into ammonia, methanol or methane creates fuels with higher energy densities than hydrogen &#8211; but still lower than crude oil or diesel. Ships using these hydrogen-based fuels will need larger fuel tanks and more frequent fuel stops. Ships carrying these fuels as cargo will carry less energy at a time.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-2\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Storage Requirements<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Cryogenic Storage<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Hydrogen and methane require extremely low temperatures (-253\u00b0C and -162\u00b0C respectively) to achieve a liquid form and are stored in vacuum insulated tanks to keep them cold.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> The same technology is used in the space industry and to transport liquefied natural gas (LNG) by ship, rail and truck. Ammonia requires much less cooling as it can be liquid at -33\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-109 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Cryogenic-Basic-New@2x-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2440\" height=\"1548\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Cryogenic-Basic-New@2x-1.png 2440w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Cryogenic-Basic-New@2x-1-640x406.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Cryogenic-Basic-New@2x-1-1280x812.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Cryogenic-Basic-New@2x-1-768x487.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Cryogenic-Basic-New@2x-1-1536x974.png 1536w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Cryogenic-Basic-New@2x-1-2048x1299.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2440px) 100vw, 2440px\" \/><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><b>Pressurized Storage<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Unlike cryogenic storage, which relies on extremely low temperatures, hydrogen can also be stored as a gas under high pressure. In this method, hydrogen is compressed to about 10,000 pounds per square inch (or pressures up to 700 bar) and kept in strong, lightweight tanks made from materials like carbon-fiber composites. This approach is commonly used in hydrogen-powered vehicles and refueling stations, where compact and mobile storage is essential.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-112 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Pressurized-Storage-copy@2x-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2440\" height=\"1549\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Pressurized-Storage-copy@2x-1.png 2440w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Pressurized-Storage-copy@2x-1-640x406.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Pressurized-Storage-copy@2x-1-1280x813.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Pressurized-Storage-copy@2x-1-768x488.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Pressurized-Storage-copy@2x-1-1536x975.png 1536w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/CS-H2-Pressurized-Storage-copy@2x-1-2048x1300.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2440px) 100vw, 2440px\" \/><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements (2 element) -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-1\" style=\"left: 40px;top: 40%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements (3 elements) -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-2 delay-1\" style=\"right: 10px;top: 12%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-3 delay-2\" style=\"right: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-1 delay-3\" style=\"right: 15px;top: 78%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull hydrogen-fuel-production has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"hydrogen-fuel-production\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up has-grey-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84585baa869b15521f624521f904b235 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-9bc5b0b2f04771ec79df23b0b53417a6\"><strong>Hydrogen Fuel Production<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f34294d51752c838424aa15f4384ebb6\"><strong>How is hydrogen produced?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/electrolysis.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-175\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ece07190d06c5e09463dc1e9ed9e2622\" style=\"color:#79d188\"><strong><strong>Electrolysis<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Electricity splits water (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) into hydrogen (H<sub>2<\/sub>) and oxygen (O<sub>2<\/sub>). When the electricity used comes from renewable sources like wind, solar, or hydroelectric power, the hydrogen produced is considered \u201cgreen hydrogen.\u201d<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#what-is-electrolysis\">What is electrolysis?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/smr.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-176\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17947c17ce153dc84538ae8c9417a047\" style=\"color:#5d99d2\"><strong><strong><strong>Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) is treated with steam at high temperatures (700-1000\u00b0C) to produce hydrogen (H<sub>2<\/sub>) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). Using Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) to reduce emissions is referred to as \u201cblue hydrogen.\u201d<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> This is the most common production method for hydrogen today. If SMR does not include CCS to reduce emissions, the result is referred to as \u201cgrey hydrogen.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#steam-methane-reforming\">What is Carbon Capture and Sequestration?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/natural-gas.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-177\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a72ee8764ae5f40bc146c313cd855f9c\" style=\"color:#42c1d7\"><strong><strong><strong>Pyrolysis of Natural Gas<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) is heated to high temperatures (typically above 500\u00b0C) in the absence of oxygen, which breaks down the methane into hydrogen and solid carbon.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Hydrogen produced via this method is referred to as \u201cturquoise hydrogen\u201d \u2013 somewhere between blue and green because it starts with natural gas but avoids CO<sub>2 <\/sub>emissions by producing solid carbon.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/coal.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-178\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6233df82ca299406ed46a37e7c20773f\" style=\"color:#927c64\"><strong><strong><strong>Coal Gasification<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Coal is heated in a controlled environment with limited oxygen to produce a mixture of gases, primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen (called syngas). This gas is then reacted with steam to increase the hydrogen yield, but it also produces large amounts of CO<sub>2<\/sub>, which can be retained through carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Despite its greenhouse gas emissions, coal gasification remains the second-most common method of hydrogen production worldwide.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Hydrogen produced via this method is referred to as \u201cbrown hydrogen\u201d or \u201cblack hydrogen\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-default\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5d5d0862cddaa381f1de11896c183704\"><strong>Deriving Alternative Fuels from Hydrogen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"254\" height=\"253\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ammonia.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ammonia.png 254w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ammonia-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-jet-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-c4865518c7fe7b4bb33329f16c756db9\"><strong>Hydrogen to Ammonia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-a7b4498238518d67add6c66eaaa25ab9\"><strong>N<sub>2<\/sub> + 3H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 <\/strong><br><strong>2NH<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-92ae912674bb7c73bd0bdeff5113456f\">Synthesized via the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/haber-bosch-process\">Haber-Bosch process<\/a>, which combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen under high pressure and temperature to make ammonia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methanol.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-146\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methanol.png 252w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methanol-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-jet-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-80658e5d5b1d836c33e6a897455f3868\"><strong>Hydrogen to Methanol<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-4c79dc462b92bdf3656cb15b66286451\"><strong>CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;+&nbsp;3H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH&nbsp;+&nbsp;H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-da9f356973f2deab966e049b2e8ccc62\">Produced by reacting hydrogen with carbon oxides, either from methane (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.methanex.com\/about-methanol\/how-methanol-is-produced\/\">Methanex process<\/a>) or from green hydrogen combined with captured CO\u2082.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methane.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methane.png 252w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/methane-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-jet-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-c1ad0f3067c84a13b84d0e19c955c0de\"><strong>Hydrogen to Methane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-d9a0f8d15d077c198514a74ad0c0c9ee\"><strong>CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 CH<sub>4<\/sub>&nbsp;+&nbsp;2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-6fff53f80924439d2d48130befc8764f\">Produced by reacting green hydrogen with CO\u2082 through a process called <a href=\"https:\/\/globalsyngas.org\/syngas-technology\/syngas-conditioning-purification\/methanation\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">methanation<\/a>, which mimics natural gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a89b3969 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"#direct-capture-co2\">Direct Air Capture of CO\u2082<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-5.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-1 delay-2\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull hydrogen-fuel has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"hydrogen-based-fuels\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/ship-top-vertical.png\" alt=\"Ship illustration\" class=\"bounded-sticky-img\" id=\"boundedShip\">\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#01b0cf\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3d80dbbc08486d0199333b0b7040d39f has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-large-font-size\"><strong><strong>Hydrogen-based Fuels as Ship Fuel and Cargo<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\"\/>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Before a fuel can be used by a ship, its safety, compatibility with the engine, energy density, and availability all need to be considered. The properties of marine cargo also need to be assessed to prepare for safe handling and transport.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Health &amp; Safety <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydrogen-based fuels have been transported safely via road, rail, and ship for many years. For safe transport, fuel properties are assessed for any risks to health and safety, such as its flammability, toxicity or any other challenges such as risks of leaks and cold temperature handling protocols.<\/p>\n<div class=\"image-left-col\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-189 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Group-95-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" \/><\/p>\n<div>Hydrogen is much more flammable and has a higher risk of explosion if mixed with air than either diesel or heavy fuel oil, which are less volatile.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Hydrogen\u2019s low ignition point means it can ignite with a spark or heat. Vessels need to have advanced leak detection systems and emergency ventilation to prevent dangerous accumulations of gas.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<div class=\"image-left-col\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-190\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Group-95-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" \/><\/p>\n<div>Ammonia is toxic and requires stringent handling measures, including personal protective equipment and gas monitoring systems.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Because ammonia storage tanks and fueling facilities must be pressurized to keep the ammonia in a liquid state, they must undergo rigorous design and inspection protocols to prevent leaks or catastrophic failures. Ammonia has a narrower flammability range and a higher ignition point than hydrogen, making it less likely to accidentally ignite.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<div class=\"image-left-col\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-188\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Group-95.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" \/>Methanol is flammable (less so than hydrogen) and toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin, meaning personal protective equipment, adequate ventilation, and the use of non-sparking tools are required to minimize hazards.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<div class=\"image-left-col\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-188\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Group-95.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"156\" height=\"156\" \/>Methane is highly flammable and can ignite when mixed with air, though it has a higher ignition temperature and narrower flammability range than hydrogen. While it is not toxic in small amounts, high concentrations of the gas can displace oxygen and pose a suffocation risk in confined spaces. Proper ventilation and gas detection systems are essential for safe handling. When super-cooled into LNG, liquid methane can cause cryogenic damage to people and structures.<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-2\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Transportation of Hydrogen-Based Fuels<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The global trade in fossil fuels and petrochemicals has created a safe and reliable transport system by tanker ship for methane (in the form of LNG), methanol and ammonia. Transport of hydrogen is less common but has been shown to be possible, for example, with tests of liquid hydrogen by ship from Australia to Japan.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Estimated annual global trade volumes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#citations\"><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-184 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/estimated-annual.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/estimated-annual.png 790w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/estimated-annual-640x182.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/estimated-annual-768x219.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[15]<\/a> <a href=\"#citations\">[16]<\/a> <a href=\"#citations\">[17]<\/a><a href=\"#citations\"> [18]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-3\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Engine Technology Readiness for Fuels<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To provide power for ships, the chemical energy in the fuel needs to be converted into mechanical energy to drive the ship\u2019s propellor. Conventionally, this is done by burning fuel in an engine.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\"><b>Hydrogen engines and fuel cells<\/b> are under development and initially will be for smaller vessels.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\"><b>Ammonia engines<\/b> are under development, with companies like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.man-es.com\/\">MAN Energy Solutions<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/wingd.com\/news-media\/news\/wingd-records-successful-early-running-on-x-df-a-ammonia-fuelled-engine\">WinGD<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wartsila.com\/\">W\u00e4rtsil\u00e4<\/a> working on systems suitable for large ships.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\"><b>Methanol engines<\/b> are already in use in large container ships and methanol carriers.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\"><b>Methane engines<\/b> fueled by LNG are already in use in ships of all sizes and shapes from small ferries to the largest container ships.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-4\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-4\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Fueling Ships<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-4\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-4\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Although the systems and technologies for transferring and transporting hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels between transport tankers and the shore are already well established, providing fuel to cargo vessels, cruise ships and ferries will require new infrastructure. Some existing infrastructure currently used to handle LNG, like trucks that can fuel ships from shore, could be adapted for hydrogen-based fuels.<\/p>\n<p>Ships can be fueled from shore through either fixed infrastructure like a dedicated fuel facility or mobile infrastructure like a fuel truck. Ships can also be fueled from the water by specialized refuelling vessels. Both land- and water-based fueling infrastructure will need to consider the following factors while storing and transferring hydrogen-based fuels:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pressure and temperature requirements to maintain the product in its liquid state for reduced volume (e.g., high pressure pumps, cryogenic systems).<\/li>\n<li>Prevention and detection of leaks and sparks that could lead to fires or explosions.<\/li>\n<li>Safety mechanisms to prevent fuel contact with people to prevent freezing, suffocation, or other toxic exposure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ports in the Netherlands, Germany, the UK, Singapore, and Japan are investing to develop hydrogen and ammonia fueling infrastructure.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium delay-1\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-2.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-2\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"life-cycle-emissions\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#cceff5\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-bd30229c11378d4f15af132dc8752c4e\"><strong><strong>Life Cycle Emissions<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Life cycle emissions are the total greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) associated with the production, transport, and use of any fuel \u2013 including hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels \u2013 considering all stages from extraction of raw materials to its final use. All types of GHGs, translated into carbon dioxide equivalent values, are incorporated into the life cycle analysis of a fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The emissions footprint of hydrogen-based fuels can be compared to the fossil fuels they replace by evaluating the life cycle emissions for each fuel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Emissions can be created at each of the following stages:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-771.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-771.png 200w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-771-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong><strong><strong>Production Emissions<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">The amount of emissions created while making the fuel. Green hydrogen produced from electrolysis using renewable electricity has near-zero emissions, while blue hydrogen produced from natural gas with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) can have reduced emissions.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-772.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-772.png 200w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-772-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong>Fugitive Emissions<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">The unintentional release of GHGs to the atmosphere at any point during production, storage, transport, and use of a fuel. Hydrogen and methane are potent climate warming gases and any leakage can significantly contribute to GHG impacts. Leak detection and repair technologies such as drones and tracers can reduce fugitive emissions along the supply chain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:200px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-772-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-208\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-772-1.png 200w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Rectangle-772-1-160x160.png 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Exhaust Emissions<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">The release of emissions when fuels are combusted in an engine<strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li><strong>Carbon dioxide emissions<\/strong> \u2013 combustion of hydrogen fuels that contain carbon will result in carbon dioxide emissions. If the carbon in the fuel was taken from the atmosphere through direct air capture then the CO<sub>2<\/sub> released during combustion is considered carbon neutral.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nitrous oxide (N\u2082O) emissions<\/strong> \u2013 most engines produce small amounts of nitrous oxide as a result of nitrogen in the fuel combining with atmospheric oxygen (not to be confused with the smog producing NOx emissions). Nitrous oxide is a very powerful greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential approximately 300 times greater than carbon dioxide.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--large)\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-2\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 17%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-2.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large delay-2\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 30%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-1\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull standards-regulations has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"standards-regulations\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-white-background-color has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-96e83708af2e06bcf210044da1ab95cf\"><strong><strong><strong>Standards &amp; Regulations&nbsp;<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrogen\u2019s unique properties require specialized infrastructure and oversight. Hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels are already widely used for refining, fertilizer production, and chemicals. As hydrogen transitions from industrial feedstock to low-carbon energy carrier, new standards and regulations will be required to ensure safety and scalability.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Current standards and regulations for storing and transporting hydrogen and related fuels are still evolving and fragmented across regions:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hydrogen&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Not currently regulated for widespread maritime fuel use due to its low energy density and high liquefaction cost.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only small volumes of liquid hydrogen can currently be transported by ship.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ammonia&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Has an established global maritime transport chain, mainly for use in fertilizers. Currently around 11 to 14 million tonnes of ammonia are transported by sea annually<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> in purpose-built refrigerated gas carriers, often alongside liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>New safety standards are in development as ammonia begins to be used as a marine fuel.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Methanol&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Around 13 million tonnes of methanol are transported by sea annually, making it an established component of global chemical trade.&nbsp;<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Methanol use is governed under existing rules for flammable liquids. Fueling infrastructure, operational experience, and safety regulations already exist, though these may evolve if methanol becomes a more widely used marine fuel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Methane<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-small-font-size\">\n<li>Methane is transported globally in large volumes as liquefied natural gas (LNG), with infrastructure and developed regulatory frameworks.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LNG-fueled vessels are already in use, particularly in sectors seeking to reduce sulphur and nitrogen oxide emissions.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Methane slip (unburned methane emissions) remains a key environmental and regulatory concern as its use as a marine fuel expands.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">All four fuels \u2013 hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and methane (LNG) \u2013 are expected to be subject to evolving IMO regulations in response to global GHG reduction targets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull challenges has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"challenges\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#01b0cf\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a7bc733a96a6d1859dbbdd12740f88af has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-large-font-size\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Challenges<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>While hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels show potential as future sustainable marine fuels, scaling their use for the shipping industry presents several significant challenges, with technological, economic, and infrastructure barriers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Cost Gap<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Green hydrogen and fuels made from hydrogen such as methane, ammonia or methanol are currently more expensive than conventional marine fuels like heavy fuel oil and marine diesel. The costs associated with production, storage, and distribution of hydrogen are significant. Electrolysis, carbon capture, and the construction of new infrastructure for fuel manufacture all contribute to the high price of these fuels. For fuels made from hydrogen to become a viable marine fuel, these costs will need to be significantly reduced.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As the price on carbon dioxide emissions increases, the cost gap decreases between conventional marine fuels and fuels made from hydrogen. The International Maritime Organization Net-Zero Framework prices carbon emissions at US$ 380 per tonne of CO2. According to cost estimates provided by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zerocarbonshipping.com\/\">M\u00e6rsk Mc-Kinney M\u00f8ller Center for Zero Carbon Shipping<\/a> implementation of the Net-Zero Framework coupled with cost reductions to fuels will close the cost gap for hydrogen, ammonia and methane, and leaves a small cost gap for methanol by 2030.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-211 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/cost-gap-chart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"786\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/cost-gap-chart.png 786w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/cost-gap-chart-640x447.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/cost-gap-chart-768x536.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px\" \/><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-2\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Hydrogen Production Scale-up<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydrogen production at a large scale requires a substantial increase in electrolyser technology and access to considerable renewable energy sources. Currently, the vast majority of hydrogen is produced through processes like steam methane reforming, which emits carbon dioxide (grey hydrogen) unless the carbon is captured and sequestered long term (blue hydrogen).<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To produce green hydrogen, the electrolysis must be powered by renewable energy, such as wind, solar or hydro power. However, current hydrogen production levels are far below the volumes required for large-scale marine use. Producing enough hydrogen to meet projected demand would need a massive investment in both renewable energy infrastructure and electrolyser technology \u2013 still emerging and expensive.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[26]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Meeting this demand will require a significant acceleration of renewable energy capacity and a shift toward large-scale green hydrogen production.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-108 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/H2-Scale-up-White@2x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2168\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/H2-Scale-up-White@2x.png 2168w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/H2-Scale-up-White@2x-640x169.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/H2-Scale-up-White@2x-1280x338.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/H2-Scale-up-White@2x-768x203.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/H2-Scale-up-White@2x-1536x406.png 1536w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/H2-Scale-up-White@2x-2048x541.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2168px) 100vw, 2168px\" \/><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-3\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Carbon Capture and Sequestration Scale-Up<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Blue hydrogen, which is produced from natural gas with carbon capture and sequestration, depends on effective carbon capture, but current carbon capture and storage methods are expensive and not widely deployed.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Effective storage of captured carbon requires secure underground storage sites and long-term monitoring to prevent leaks.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-4\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-4\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Renewable Electricity Demand<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-4\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-4\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Green hydrogen production is energy-intensive, requiring vast amounts of renewable electricity. As demand for green hydrogen grows, so will the demand for renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydroelectricity. This creates a need for a massive increase in renewable energy generation capacity to meet the dual demands of both hydrogen production and growing global energy needs.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Large-scale green hydrogen production will also require significant volumes of water. Producing 1 kilogram of hydrogen via electrolysis requires around 25 liters of water (9 liters\/kilogram plus an additional 10-20 liters for water purification and process cooling).<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[29]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Sustainable hydrogen strategies will need to account for water sourcing, treatment, and potential competition with other water uses.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-5\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-5\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Supply Chain and Transportation<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-5\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-5\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydrogen\u2019s low energy density means it must be stored at high pressure or cooled into a liquefied form to take up less space. Both densification methods require specialized storage and transportation systems. This includes new pipelines, shipping vessels, and storage facilities, all of which are costly and require significant investment. Unlike liquid fossil fuels, hydrogen\u2019s storage and transportation infrastructure is not easily adaptable from existing infrastructure, which means building an entirely new supply chain. Additionally, shipping hydrogen in large quantities over long distances will require developing specialized hydrogen carriers and safe fueling systems at ports.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-6\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-6\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #ffffff\">Fraudulent Fuel Substitution<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-6\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-6\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Certification and verification systems are needed to confirm hydrogen is produced using renewable energy sources. Without independent verification, hydrogen from fossil sources could undermine efforts to decarbonize the marine sector.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> To mitigate this risk, strict monitoring, verification, and traceability mechanisms will need to be put in place to ensure that the hydrogen used in marine fuel meets the necessary sustainability standards.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements (2 element) -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-1\" style=\"left: 40px;top: 40%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements (3 elements) -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-2 delay-1\" style=\"right: 10px;top: 12%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-3 delay-2\" style=\"right: 35px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-4.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-1 delay-3\" style=\"right: 15px;top: 78%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-custom-teal-1-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-481dc8fc wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" id=\"hydrogen-in-canada\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light curved-top-1 curved-bottom-1\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-left:0\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-100 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#cceff5\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-fade-in-up accordion-fuels has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading is-style-default has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-0732b90f360751d14188ca752dea7954\"><strong><strong><strong><strong>Hydrogen Production and Use in Canada<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-accent-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-accent-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2020, the Government of Canada issued a Hydrogen Strategy with a plan for using low-carbon hydrogen as a tool to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Since inception of the strategy, nearly 80 potential low-carbon hydrogen production projects have been announced in Canada.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Many of these projects are still under consideration or in development. The hydrogen production landscape in Canada continues to evolve, and it remains to be seen how many of these projects will be completed. In 2025, the Canadian government announced intentions to become the world\u2019s leading energy superpower in both clean and conventional energy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hydrogen Production Potential<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Canada has significant potential hydrogen production capacity. A map of proposed and existing facilities highlights key green hydrogen projects across the country:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"image-map-container alignwide\">\n\n\t\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"image-map-image\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/image-map-2.png\" alt=\"\" style=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n\n\t\t\n            <svg class=\"hotspot-container\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" viewBox=\"0 0 1400 1085\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69dfee0e3aa24\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1280\" cy=\"860\" r=\"16\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69dfee0e3aa24)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1280\" cy=\"860\" r=\"16\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"port-tupper-energy-hub-hawkesbury-ns\" data-tooltip=\"Port Tupper Energy Hub, Hawkesbury, NS\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;240,000 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(annual production)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69dfee0e3ab63\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1180\" cy=\"840\" r=\"12\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69dfee0e3ab63)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1180\" cy=\"840\" r=\"12\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"belledune-green-hydrogen-project-belledune-nb\" data-tooltip=\"Belledune Green Hydrogen Project, Belledune, NB\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;150,000 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(annual production)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69dfee0e3ac56\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1080\" cy=\"900\" r=\"12\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69dfee0e3ac56)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1080\" cy=\"900\" r=\"12\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"project-mauricie-shawnigan-qc\" data-tooltip=\"Project Mauricie, Shawnigan, QC\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;150,000 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(annual production)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69dfee0e3ad29\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(121,209,136)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1094\" cy=\"918\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(121,209,136)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69dfee0e3ad29)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1094\" cy=\"918\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(121,209,136)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"air-liquide-becancour-qc\" data-tooltip=\"Air Liquide, B\u00e9cancour, QC\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;3,000 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(annual production)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69dfee0e3af09\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"1078\" cy=\"926\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69dfee0e3af09)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"1078\" cy=\"926\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"varennes-carbon-recycling-varennes-qc\" data-tooltip=\"Varennes Carbon Recycling, Varennes, QC\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;14,600 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(annual production)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<defs><filter id=\"blurPulse_69dfee0e3b07d\" x=\"-50%\" y=\"-50%\" width=\"200%\" height=\"200%\"><feGaussianBlur in=\"SourceAlpha\" stdDeviation=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"stdDeviation\" values=\"0;6;0\" dur=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feGaussianBlur><feOffset dx=\"0\" dy=\"0\" result=\"offsetblur\"\/><feFlood flood-color=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" result=\"color\"\/><feComposite in2=\"offsetblur\" operator=\"in\"\/><feMerge><feMergeNode\/><feMergeNode in=\"SourceGraphic\"\/><\/feMerge><\/filter><\/defs><circle cx=\"135\" cy=\"870\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" filter=\"url(#blurPulse_69dfee0e3b07d)\" class=\"hotspot-shadow\"\/><circle cx=\"135\" cy=\"870\" r=\"7\" fill=\"rgb(181,249,181)\" class=\"hotspot-point\" data-id=\"htec-hydrogen-liquefaction-north-vancouver-bc\" data-tooltip=\"HTEC Hydrogen Liquefaction, North Vancouver, BC\" data-content-type=\"none\" data-content=\"&lt;strong&gt;5,470 tonnes&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n(annual production)\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n            <\/svg>\n\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Domestic &amp; Global Market<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">While Canada has the potential to produce green hydrogen, it still lacks the infrastructure to produce significant quantities and demand to consume the energy it produces.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">In 2024, two-thirds (67%) of Canadians polled by the Angus Reid Institute would prioritize the use of potential green hydrogen to decarbonize domestic industries, including shipping. Similar-sized groups say either Canada should primarily export the hydrogen it produces (16%) or not invest in hydrogen at all (17%).<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[32]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">In March 2024, Canada and Germany signed a memorandum of understanding committing $600 million to establish a green hydrogen supply chain, following a Canada-Germany Hydrogen Alliance entered into in 2022.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[33]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Germany aims to import up to 50-70% of its hydrogen demand by 2030.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong> Also in 2024, the Canadian Hydrogen Association signed memoranda of understanding with Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Sweden to support a collective effort to advance international hydrogen collaboration and accelerate hydrogen deployment.<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[35, 36<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">In the Pacific region, Hydrogen Canada Corporation and Korea Southern Power signed a memorandum of understanding in 2024 to develop green ammonia production and export facilities to supply ammonia to South Korea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Left side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-very-small float-1\" style=\"left: 15px;top: 10%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 25px;top: 45%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-2.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-large float-2 delay-1\" style=\"left: 35px;top: 35%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-6.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-3 delay-3\" style=\"left: 10px;top: 80%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-1.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Right side elements -->\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-medium delay-1\" style=\"right: 40px;top: 20%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-2.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hydrogen-parallax h2-small float-2\" style=\"right: 20px;top: 70%\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/h2-3.png\" alt=\"\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull initiatives has-white-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" id=\"initiatives-underway\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-fade-in-left has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98b2914f7a2e6f5d593814a90c428a8a\"><strong>Initiatives Underway<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion-stack\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-1\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Proposed Green Hydrogen Production<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-1\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-1\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-119\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Air-Liquide-Logo-640x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Air-Liquide-Logo-640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Air-Liquide-Logo-1280x720.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Air-Liquide-Logo-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Air-Liquide-Logo-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Air-Liquide-Logo-2048x1152.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>B\u00e9cancour Air Liquide (B\u00e9cancour, QC) <\/b>&#8211; The B\u00e9cancour Air Liquide project, operational since 2021, houses the world\u2019s largest Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyser, producing up to 8.2 tonnes of green hydrogen per day using renewable hydroelectric power. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airliquide.com\/sites\/airliquide.com\/files\/2021-01\/brief-air-liquidehydrogen-becancour_61f1075935f45.pdf\">Learn more<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-129\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Port-of-Belledune.avif\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"83\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Belledune Green Hydrogen Project (Belledune, NB)<\/b> \u2013 The Port of Belledune is collaborating with Cross River Infrastructure Partners, Pabineau First Nation, and Eel River Bar First Nation to develop a large-scale green hydrogen and ammonia production facility. The project plans to utilize 500 megawatts of renewable electricity to produce green hydrogen and ammonia for both domestic use and export. The project is currently in development and may be in operation by 2027. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.portbelledune.ca\/green-energy-hub\/green-hydrogen-project\">Learn more<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-132\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HY2GENLogo_wide-640x101.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"38\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HY2GENLogo_wide-640x101.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HY2GENLogo_wide-1280x201.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HY2GENLogo_wide-768x121.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HY2GENLogo_wide.png 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Project Courant (Baie-Comeau, QC) <\/b>\u2013 Project Courant is a proposed green ammonia production facility led by Hy2gen Canada. The project will use hydroelectric power to produce green hydrogen, which will then be converted into ammonia for export and industrial use. The project is still under development with no launch date set. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hy2gen.com\/courant\">Learn more<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-133\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HTEC_ID_F-640x161.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HTEC_ID_F-640x161.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HTEC_ID_F-768x193.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/HTEC_ID_F.png 1216w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>HTEC Hydrogen Liquefaction Facility (North Vancouver, BC)<\/b> \u2013 Announced in 2025, the HTEC Hydrogen Liquefaction Facility in North Vancouver will process 15 tonnes per day of by-product hydrogen for distribution across British Columbia and Alberta. The project is part of the H2 Gateway program, which includes hydrogen refueling stations and fuel cell electric trucks. It is currently in the early stages of development with an operation date yet to be set. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.htec.ca\/h2gateway\/\">Learn more<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-124 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Everwind-Logo-640x154.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"58\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Everwind-Logo-640x154.jpg 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Everwind-Logo-768x184.jpg 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Everwind-Logo.jpg 945w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-125 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/BearHeadEnergy-Logo-640x177.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/BearHeadEnergy-Logo-640x177.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/BearHeadEnergy-Logo-768x213.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/BearHeadEnergy-Logo.png 780w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/div>\n<p><b>Port Tupper Energy Hub (Hawkesbury, NS) <\/b>\u2013Two projects are underway in the Point Tupper Industrial Park near Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. Everwind is developing a green hydrogen and ammonia production facility. The facility will use newly built wind farms and water from Landrie Lake. Bear Head Energy is planning a large-scale green hydrogen and ammonia production, storage, and loading facility. Both projects are under development with a final investment decision expected in 2025. Learn more about <a href=\"https:\/\/everwindfuels.com\/projects\/point_tupper\">Everwind<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bearheadenergy.ca\/\">Bear Head Energy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-449\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/hydrogen-megaproject.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"127\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Projet Mauricie (Shawinigan, Quebec)<\/b> \u2013 Projet Mauricie, led by TESCanada H2 Inc., aims to produce up to 70,000 metric tons of green hydrogen annually to support industrial decarbonization and heavy transport in Quebec. The project is currently in the development phase. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.projetmauricie.ca\/about\/\">Learn more<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-451\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Recyclage_Carbone_Varennes__RCV__Mise___jour_sur_la_premi_re_usi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"62\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Varennes Carbon Recycling (Varennes, QC)<\/b> \u2013 The Varennes Carbon Recycling project, currently under construction, will feature a 90-megawatt electrolyzer system powered by hydroelectricity to produce green hydrogen on-site. This hydrogen will be used to convert waste and biomass into low-carbon fuels, supporting Quebec\u2019s circular economy and emissions reduction goals. Originally slated for 2025, operations are now expected to begin in 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/recyclagecarbone.com\/en\/who-are-we\/\">Learn more<\/a>.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-2\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Proposed Green Hydrogen Storage<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-2\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-2\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AturaPowerLogo3x2-640x79.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"30\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AturaPowerLogo3x2-640x79.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AturaPowerLogo3x2-1280x157.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AturaPowerLogo3x2-768x94.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AturaPowerLogo3x2-1536x189.png 1536w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AturaPowerLogo3x2-2048x252.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Windsor Salt Cavern Storage (Atura Power, Plains All American) &#8211; <\/b>The Windsor Salt Cavern Storage project, developed by Atura Power and Plains All American, aims to create a hydrogen storage facility in Ontario using salt caverns. Announced in 2022, this project aims for large-scale storage of hydrogen produced in times of excess supply, ensuring a stable and reliable energy source when demand is high. The project is currently in the planning and regulatory phase.<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <div class=\"accordion-details has-fade-in-up accordion-item-3\" data-open=\"false\"  style=\"border-bottom: 1px solid #01b0cf\">\n                <div class=\"accordion-summary\" id=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" aria-controls=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t                    <div class=\"accordion-title\"  style=\"color: #01b0cf\">Green Hydrogen Transport &amp; Utilization Initiatives<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"accordion-toggle\">\n                        <svg width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n                            <rect x=\"45\" y=\"20\" width=\"8\" height=\"60\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                            <rect x=\"20\" y=\"45\" width=\"60\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#01b0cf\"\/>\n                        <\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-summary -->\n                <div class=\"accordion-content\"  id=\"content-accordion-item-3\" aria-labelledby=\"summary-accordion-item-3\" >\n                    <div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-123\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AHA-640x176.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AHA-640x176.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AHA-768x211.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/AHA.png 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Atlantic Hydrogen Alliance<\/b> \u2013 The Atlantic Hydrogen Alliance was created to support the development of a vibrant green hydrogen value chain to enable the transition to a prosperous low-carbon economy in Atlantic Canada. <a href=\"https:\/\/atlantichydrogen.ca\/\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-127\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Port_of_Halifax_Logo-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Port_of_Halifax_Logo-640x480.jpg 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Port_of_Halifax_Logo.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Green Shipping Corridor Initiative, Port of Halifax, NS<\/b> \u2013 The Halifax Port Authority was awarded funding up to $22.5 million from Transport Canada through the Green Shipping Corridor Program to prepare the port for the fuels and energy sources of the future. The funding builds on existing work at the Port of Halifax including the Memorandum of Understanding signed in 2022 with the Port of Hamburg to decarbonize the shipping corridor between the two ports. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.porthalifax.ca\/halifax-awarded-22-5-million-from-transport-canada\/\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-453\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/LOGO@2x.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"74\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Hydrogen-powered equipment prototypes, Port of Montreal, QC <\/b>\u2013 Terminal operator QSL received hydrogen-powered equipment prototypes in 2022 to accelerate decarbonization of the shipping industry. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.port-montreal.com\/en\/the-port-of-montreal\/news\/news\/prototype-h-en\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-134\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/prpalogofullcolour1089x55501_1-640x263.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"99\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/prpalogofullcolour1089x55501_1-640x263.jpg 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/prpalogofullcolour1089x55501_1-768x315.jpg 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/prpalogofullcolour1089x55501_1.jpg 1089w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Hydrogen-powered trucks, Port of Prince Rupert, BC <\/b>\u2013 The Port of Prince Rupert announced in June 2024 that it will add four new zero- and low-emission heavy-duty trucks to their operations. Two of the trucks will be hydrogen-powered, one battery-electric, and one hydrogen-diesel co-combustion. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rupertport.com\/zero-and-low-emission-trucks-to-be-tested-at-port-of-prince-rupert-through-b-c-s-integrated-marketplace\/\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dashed\" \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-135\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/port-of-belledune-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"62\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Transatlantic Hydrogen Value Chain, Port of Belledune, NS <\/b>&#8211; The Belledune Port Authority signed a memorandum of understanding with the Port of Antwerp-Bruges to work together to set up a supply chain for lower carbon fuels and green manufacturing goods, with the priority focused on hydrogen and its derivates. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.offshore-energy.biz\/belledune-and-antwerp-bruges-ports-firm-up-transatlantic-hydrogen-collaboration\/\">Learn more<\/a><\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><!-- .accordion-content -->\n            <\/div><!-- .accordion-details -->\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<\/div><!-- .accordion-stack -->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-bb4a3b316f6dfcd2603819e79465cac5 is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" id=\"conclusion\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgb(30,112,132) 0%,rgb(0,176,202) 100%);margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-fade-in-left has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium);background-color:#00b0ca80;color:#00b0ca80\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong>Hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels represent a potential pathway for sustainable marine fuels. However, significant challenges remain, including infrastructure development, cost reductions, and regulatory advancements. Many hydrogen projects are still in the early stages of development, and it will take some time \u2013 and a lot of investment \u2013 before the maritime industry is prepared for hydrogen as ship fuel or cargo.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" id=\"about\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--huge)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-fade-in-left has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8d293084 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-128199230c2b15b79a23285e57f2ca65\"><strong>About Clear Seas<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-gainsboro-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-gainsboro-background-color has-background is-style-dashed\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--medium)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-emphasis-font-size\"><strong>Clear Seas is a Canadian not-for-profit organization that provides independent fact-based information to enable governments, industry, and the public to make informed decisions on marine shipping issues. We work to build awareness and trust so that all people can feel a part of the marine sector. Our vision is a sustainable marine shipping sector that is safe, vibrant, and inclusive, both now and for future generations.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1rem\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-small-font-size is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Clear Seas was launched in 2015 after extensive discussions among government, industry, environmental organizations, Indigenous Peoples and coastal communities revealed a need for impartial information about the Canadian marine shipping industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As an independent research centre, Clear Seas operates at arm\u2019s length from our funders. Our research agenda is defined internally in response to current issues, reviewed by our research advisory committee, and approved by our board of directors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Our board of directors is composed of mariners, scientists, community leaders, engineers and industry executives with decades of experience investigating human, environmental and economic issues related to our oceans, coastlines and waterways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our reports and findings are available to the public at <a href=\"http:\/\/clearseas.org\">clearseas.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-accent-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-accent-border-color wp-element-button\" href=\"#citations\">Sources &amp; Citations<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"citations\" class=\"basic-popup\">\n    <div class=\"popup-overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"popup-content\">\n        <div class=\"popup-content-inner\">\n            <div class=\"popup-content-header\">\n                <span class=\"popup-close\"><i class=\"far fa-times\"><\/i><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popup-content-body\">\n                <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3c2163231bc64c334ac1d12c18d620f8\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\"><strong>Sources &amp; Citations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2024). Review of Maritime Transport. <a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/rmt2024ch2_en.pdf\">Chapter 2 World shipping fleet and services<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joule is a unit of energy equaling 0.24 calories. 1 petajoule is equal to 31.6 million m\u00b3 of natural gas or 278 million kilowatt hours of electricity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Maritime Organization. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/MediaCentre\/PressBriefings\/pages\/IMO-approves-netzero-regulations.aspx\">IMO approves net-zero regulations for global shipping<\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Maritime Organization. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/wwwcdn.imo.org\/localresources\/en\/OurWork\/Environment\/Documents\/Fourth%20IMO%20GHG%20Study%202020%20-%20Full%20report%20and%20annexes.pdf\">Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study<\/a>. Table 34, p.97.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hren, R. et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122009947\">Hydrogen production, storage, and transport for renewable energy and chemicals: An environmental footprint assessment<\/a>. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2022.113113&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hren, R. et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122009947\">Hydrogen production, storage, and transport for renewable energy and chemicals: An environmental footprint assessment<\/a>. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2022.113113&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Energy Agency. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/energy-system\/low-emission-fuels\/hydrogen\">Low Emission Fuels: Hydrogen<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Government of Canada. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/natural-resources.canada.ca\/energy-sources\/clean-fuels\/producing-hydrogen-canada\">Producing hydrogen in Canada<\/a>. Natural Resources Canada.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Massarweh, O. et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2212982023000495\">Blue hydrogen production from natural gas reservoirs: A review of application and feasibility<\/a>. Journal of CO<sub>2<\/sub> Utilization. Vol. 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcou.2023.102438<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Government of Canada. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/natural-resources.canada.ca\/funding-partnerships\/zero-carbon-hydrogen-production-pyrolysis\">Zero-carbon hydrogen production via pyrolysis<\/a>. Natural Resources Canada.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Government of Canada. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/natural-resources.canada.ca\/energy-sources\/clean-fuels\/producing-hydrogen-canada\">Producing hydrogen in Canada<\/a>. Natural Resources Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hydrogen Tools. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/h2tools.org\/bestpractices\/gaseous-gh2-and-liquid-h2-fueling-stations\/hydrogen-compared-to-other-fuels\">Hydrogen compared to other fuels<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Padappayil, R. P. &amp; Borger, J. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK546677\/\">Ammonia toxicity<\/a>. StatsPearl. National Library of Medicine.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Methanol Institute. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.methanol.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/PrecautionsforLoadingMethanol.pdf\">Precautions for loading, unloading, transport and storage of methanol<\/a>. Methanol Safe Handling Technical Bulletin.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maritime Optima. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/maritimeoptima.com\/insights\/will-the-ammonia-shipping-market-boom\">Will the ammonia shipping market boom?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nexant ECA. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nexanteca.com\/blog\/202304\/global-sustainable-methanol-market-snapshot?utm_content=246453001&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=linkedin&amp;hss_channel=lcp-68799790\">Global methanol market snapshot<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Safety4Sea. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/safety4sea.com\/there-are-251-pending-and-delivered-methanol-vessels\/\">Methanol Institute: There are 251 pending and delivered methanol vessels<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shell. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shell.com\/what-we-do\/oil-and-natural-gas\/liquefied-natural-gas-lng\/lng-outlook-2025.html\">Shell LNG Outlook 2025<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chen, P. S., et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360319923004354\">A review on ports\u2019 readiness to facilitate international hydrogen trade<\/a>. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Vol. 48, Iss. 46. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.01.220\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.01.220<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rutherford, D. et al., Seward, N. et al, and Schmidt, J. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/theicct.org\/publication\/feasibility-study-of-future-energy-options-for-great-lakes-shipping-march24\/\">Feasibility study of future energy options for Great Lakes shipping<\/a>. International Council on Clean Transportation, American Bureau of Shipping and Conference of Great Lakes St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>United States Government. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/understanding-global-warming-potentials?\">Understanding global warming potentials<\/a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DNV. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dnv.com\/focus-areas\/hydrogen\/forecast-to-2050\/\">Hydrogen forecast to 2050<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DNV. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dnv.com\/focus-areas\/hydrogen\/forecast-to-2050\/\">Hydrogen forecast to 2050<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Renewable Energy Agency. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2024\/Jul\/IRENA_Green_hydrogen_strategy_design_2024.pdf\">Green hydrogen strategy: A guide to design<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Renewable Energy Agency. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Energy-Transition\/Technology\/Hydrogen\">Hydrogen<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Renewable Energy Agency. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Energy-Transition\/Technology\/Hydrogen\">Hydrogen<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Massarweh, O. et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2212982023000495\">Blue hydrogen production from natural gas reservoirs: A review of application and feasibility<\/a>. Journal of CO<sub>2<\/sub> Utilization. Vol. 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcou.2023.102438<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International Energy Agency. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/5ae32253-7409-4f9a-a91d-1493ffb9777a\/Renewables2021-Analysisandforecastto2026.pdf\">Renewables 2021: Analysis and forecast to 2026<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rocky Mountain Institute. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/rmi.org\/hydrogen-reality-check-distilling-green-hydrogens-water-consumption\/\">Hydrogen reality check: Distilling green hydrogen\u2019s water consumption<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Islam, A., et al. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.04.142\">Accelerating the green hydrogen revolution: A comprehensive analysis of technological advancements and policy interventions<\/a>. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 67.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Government of Canada. (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/natural-resources.canada.ca\/energy-sources\/clean-fuels\/hydrogen-strategy\/hydrogen-strategy-canada-progress-report\">Hydrogen strategy for Canada: Progress report<\/a>. Natural Resources Canada.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear Seas. (2024). 2024 public opinion poll: <a href=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/research\/2024-public-opinion-poll-canadians-attitudes-towards-marine-shipping\/\">Canadians\u2019 attitudes toward marine shipping<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Day, P. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/canadas-hydrogen-strategy-advances-challenges-remain-2024-08-23\/?\">Canada\u2019s hydrogen strategy advances, challenges remain<\/a>. Reuters.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Government of Canada. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/natural-resources-canada\/news\/2024\/03\/government-of-canada-and-germany-land-agreement-securing-early-market-access-for-clean-canadian-hydrogen.html?\">Government of Canada and Germany land arrangement securing early market access for clean Canadian hydrogen<\/a>. Natural Resources Canada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u00e4tgas Sverige. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/vatgas.se\/en\/2024\/12\/18\/hydrogen-collaboration-between-canada-and-sweden-strengthened-through-memorandum-of-understanding\/\">Hydrogen collaboration between Canada and Sweden strengthened through memorandum of understanding<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canadian Hydrogen Association. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/canadah2.ca\/the-canadian-hydrogen-association-and-hydrogen-europe-sign-mou\">The Canadian Hydrogen Association and Hydrogen Europe sign MoU<\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n    \/\/ Check if the array exists; if not, initialize it\n    var validPopupIds = validPopupIds || [];\n    validPopupIds.push(\"citations\");\n<\/script>\n\n<div id=\"direct-capture-co2\" class=\"basic-popup\">\n    <div class=\"popup-overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"popup-content\">\n        <div class=\"popup-content-inner\">\n            <div class=\"popup-content-header\">\n                <span class=\"popup-close\"><i class=\"far fa-times\"><\/i><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popup-content-body\">\n                <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-f4b1740c040dda9f6287dd594945b73a\"><strong>Direct Air Capture of CO2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbon is required when manufacturing certain fuels like methanol or methane that contain carbon in their chemical formula. The raw material required is CO2. Using CO2 produced from the combustion of fossil fuels does not help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, CO2 needs to be captured from the atmosphere to be used in fuel production. Direct air capture technology filters CO2 out of the air and supplies it to fuel producers for the manufacture of hydrogen-based fuels.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n    \/\/ Check if the array exists; if not, initialize it\n    var validPopupIds = validPopupIds || [];\n    validPopupIds.push(\"direct-capture-co2\");\n<\/script>\n\n<div id=\"what-is-electrolysis\" class=\"basic-popup\">\n    <div class=\"popup-overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"popup-content\">\n        <div class=\"popup-content-inner\">\n            <div class=\"popup-content-header\">\n                <span class=\"popup-close\"><i class=\"far fa-times\"><\/i><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popup-content-body\">\n                <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color has-emphasis-font-size wp-elements-f956dd57bf7f3253462f049d936335bb\"><strong>What is Electrolysis?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"812\" src=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Electrolysis-Basic-2@2x-1-1280x812.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-114\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Electrolysis-Basic-2@2x-1-1280x812.png 1280w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Electrolysis-Basic-2@2x-1-640x406.png 640w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Electrolysis-Basic-2@2x-1-768x487.png 768w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Electrolysis-Basic-2@2x-1-1536x974.png 1536w, https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/06\/Electrolysis-Basic-2@2x-1-2048x1299.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>When an electric current passes through water, it breaks the water molecules (H\u2082O) into hydrogen gas (H\u2082) at the negative electrode (cathode) and oxygen gas (O\u2082) at the positive electrode (anode). The hydrogen can then be collected and used as a fuel.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n    \/\/ Check if the array exists; if not, initialize it\n    var validPopupIds = validPopupIds || [];\n    validPopupIds.push(\"what-is-electrolysis\");\n<\/script>\n\n<div id=\"steam-methane-reforming\" class=\"basic-popup\">\n    <div class=\"popup-overlay\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"popup-content\">\n        <div class=\"popup-content-inner\">\n            <div class=\"popup-content-header\">\n                <span class=\"popup-close\"><i class=\"far fa-times\"><\/i><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"popup-content-body\">\n                <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8c7519e10bd9079d34d7e24db9c71c21\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\"><strong>Steam Methane Reforming<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Carbon Capture and Sequestration \u2013 <\/strong>technology used to capture CO<sub>2<\/sub> released during hydrogen production from natural gas or coal, preventing it from escaping to the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. The captured carbon dioxide must be stored securely underground in a process called sequestration. Hydrogen produced via this method is referred to as \u201cblue hydrogen.\u201d<strong><sup><a href=\"#citations\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the captured carbon dioxide is used in other industrial purposes and released into the atmosphere, then the capture does not help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Sequestering carbon dioxide underground for generations in large quantities is required.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n    \/\/ Check if the array exists; if not, initialize it\n    var validPopupIds = validPopupIds || [];\n    validPopupIds.push(\"steam-methane-reforming\");\n<\/script>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The maritime sector is looking for alternative fuels to decarbonize shipping activity. Do hydrogen and hydrogen-derived fuels like methanol and ammonia offer a net-zero carbon solution?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":491,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":513,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions\/513"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clearseas.org\/hydrogen-marine-shipping\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}